Kulamulira Agalu: Kodi Lingaliro la Alpha Galu Limagwira Ntchito?

Nthawi zina munthu amawona kuti nkhani zonse zokhuza kumvera ndi zovuta zamakhalidwe mwa agalu mwanjira ina zimakhazikika pamutu wakuti "ulamuliro“. Eni agalu amalankhula za momwe ayenera kukhala "mtsogoleri wa gulu" ndi "galu wa alpha kunyumba kwawo." 

Chithunzi: flickr

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zake ndi chakuti "wojambula agalu" wodzitcha yekha, "wophunzitsa" wotchuka Caesar Millan, amapita patsogolo kuti adziwe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zankhanza ndi zachiwawa kuti "azilamulira" agalu osasamala.

Koma kodi lingaliro la Alpha Galu limagwiradi ntchito? Kafukufuku wamakono amatsutsa malingaliro oterowo ndipo amalankhula za kulephera kwawo.

Asayansi motsutsa

Makamaka, zopanda nzeru za Millan mu njira yake yankhanza zimatsutsa Stanley  Korea, pulofesa wa zamaganizo pa yunivesite ya British Columbia, PhD., DSc, FRSC, wolemba mabuku ambiri okhudza agalu (kuphatikizapo Galu Wamakono, N'chifukwa Chiyani Agalu Ali ndi Mphuno Yonyowa? The Pawprints of History, Momwe Agalu Amaganizira, Momwe Mungayankhulire Galu , Chifukwa Chake Timakonda Agalu Amene Timawakonda, Agalu Amadziwa Chiyani?Nzeru za Agalu, N'chifukwa Chiyani Galu Wanga Amachita Motere? Kumvetsetsa Agalu Agalu, Akuba Akutulo, Matenda a Left-hander).

Njira za Millan, akutero Stanley Coren, sapeza chithandizo pakati pa akatswiri ambiri agalu ndi ofufuza. 

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mfundo yakuti Kaisara Millan adadzitcha "galu wamatsenga", zomwe zimamveka zachilendo. Awa ndi mawu ofotokozera mutu wakuti "wonong'oneza akavalo" poyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ophunzitsa akavalo monga Willis J. Powell ndi Monty Roberts. Koma ankatchedwa “amatsenga” ndendende chifukwa chakuti anakana kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza, yomwe inali njira yovomerezeka yochitira ndi akavalo ovuta ndi aukali, ndipo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsetsa! Ndiye kuti, kufananitsako sikukugwirizana ndi Millan.

Za njira zomwe Millan amagwiritsa ntchito, akatswiri, makamaka, Jean Donaldson, mkulu wa SPCA Academy for Dog Trainers ku San Francisco, ananena motere: “Ukatswiri, umene umagogomezera miyezo yaumunthu ndi makhalidwe abwino, unakankhidwira kutali kwambiri ndi munthu ameneyu kaamba ka chionetsero ndi kupanga ndalama . . . "Caster" kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zokhotakhota, zankhanza komanso zosaphunzira ndizosakhulupirika kotheratu komanso zosatheka.

Jean Donaldson adakhumudwa kwambiri ndi njira za Millan zomwe iye, pamodzi ndi Ian Dunbar, katswiri wa zamakhalidwe agalu wotchuka ndi wolemekezeka kwambiri yemwe ali ndi digiri ya zanyama ndi PhD mu psychology, anapanga DVD yotchedwa Fighting Dominance in a Dog Whispering World. Adaphwanya kwathunthu njira zomwe Millan adagwiritsa ntchito mu pulogalamu yotchuka yapa TV. Njira za Millan zidatsutsidwa mwankhanza ndi agalu ena ndi aphunzitsi.

Komabe, Caesar Millan ndi wokazinga pang'ono kuti asamumvere, malinga ndi Stanley Coren. Pali funso lofunika kuliganizira. Mwachitsanzo, kodi lingaliro la kulamulira limagwira ntchito konse, makamaka lingaliro lokhala "Alpha Galu - Pack Leader"?

Chithunzi: flickr

Konrad Lorenz ndi lingaliro la kulamulira agalu

Konrad Lorenz, m’buku lake lakuti King Solomon’s Ring, lofalitsidwa mu 1949, akufotokoza kusiyana kwa khalidwe la galu wopondereza ndi wopondereza. Lorenz, yemwe adalandira mphotho ya Nobel komanso m'modzi mwa akatswiri oyamba anyama, adatengera zomwe adawona pa agalu ake omwe. Ngati galu mmodzi anali waukali komanso wopondereza (wolamulira), galu winayo amazindikira udindo wake mwa kusonyeza khalidwe logonjera (logonjera). Lorenz ankakhulupirira kuti munthu amamanganso ubale wa ulamuliro ndi galu, chifukwa ngati iye anaopseza mmodzi wa agalu, iye anasonyeza chimodzimodzi zizindikiro za kugonjera kwa iye.

Zachidziwikire, palibe amene amatsutsa zomwe Konrad Lorenz adathandizira pazachikhalidwe cha anthu. Komabe, palinso chinthu china choyenera kuganizira.

Choyamba, Lorenz adaphunzira za nyama zina (makamaka atsekwe otuwa), koma sanachite zoyeserera zasayansi ndi agalu - malingaliro ake adangoyang'ana ziweto zake zokha.

Kachiwiri, malingaliro a asayansi nthawi zambiri amawonetsa chikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro zanthawi yakale yomwe asayansiwa amakhala. Lorenz anabadwira ku Austria mu 1903 - ndipo akunena zambiri. Malingaliro a Konrad Lorenz okhudza agalu adakhudzidwa ndi njira zophunzitsira agalu zomwe zinkachitika panthawiyo, zambiri mwa njirazi zomwe zidapangidwa ndi asilikali a ku Germany pophunzitsa agalu ogwira ntchito. Ndipo njira zophunzitsira agalu panthaŵiyo zinkasonyeza njira zambiri zimene zinalipo m’gulu lankhondo la nthawi imeneyo, kutanthauza kuti zinali zozikidwa pa malangizo okhwima kwambiri ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu popanda chifukwa. Zida zapadera zomwe zinapangidwira kuphunzitsidwa m'njirayi zinaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa leashes ndi chikwapu pamapeto amodzi kotero kuti chida chinalipo nthawi zonse kumenya galu ngati sichinatsatire lamulo.

Chithunzi: littlerock.af.mil

Mtsamunda Konrad Ambiri anafotokoza bwino kwambiri nzeru za maphunziro zimene zinali ku Germany panthawiyo. “Popanda kukakamiza, n’zosatheka kuphunzitsa galu kapena munthu. Ngakhale mwini galu wofewa kwambiri sangathe kulankhulana ndi fano lake la miyendo inayi, lomwe amamulambira, popanda chiwawa. 

M’mawu ena, asilikali a ku Germany m’zaka zoyambirira za m’ma 20 anali oumirirapo maganizo: gwiritsani ntchito mphamvu kuti mukhazikitse ulamuliro ndiyeno mugwiritse ntchito ulamuliro umenewo kulamulira khalidwe la galu.

David L. Mech: Malingaliro a Dominance ndi Alpha Wolf

Kafukufuku woyamba wa akatswiri a nkhandwe ankawoneka kuti akugwirizana ndi lingaliro laulamuliro wokhwima, wofanana ndi wankhondo, womwe nthawi zambiri umasungidwa kupyolera mu mphamvu ndi mantha. Mtsogoleri - "Alpha Wolf" - mothandizidwa ndi njira zachiwawa ndi zoopseza amasunga udindo wake monga mtsogoleri. Komabe, mwatsoka kwa okonda njira zachiwawa, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kulephera kwathunthu kwa lingaliro ili.

David L. Down anali mmodzi mwa asayansi oyambirira kuphunzira makhalidwe a mimbulu kuthengo. M'zaka za m'ma 70 m'zaka za m'ma 20, adasindikiza buku lolembedwa mothandizidwa ndi malingaliro omwe kale anali akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo a Lorenz, ndipo m'menemo adalongosola mtsogoleri wa paketiyo "Alpha Wolf". Komabe, pambuyo pake iye mwiniyo anakayikira ngati kuli koyenera kugwiritsira ntchito mawu ameneŵa. Tsopano iye akudzinenera izo chizindikiro ichi sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito., pamene akulozera molakwika kuti mimbulu ikumenyera ulamuliro.

Ndipotu akamakula, mimbulu imachoka m’banja la makolo n’kukapeza mwamuna kapena mkazi n’kubereka ana, omwe amapanga gulu lawo laokha. Ndipo kulamulira kumangobwera chifukwa chakuti makolo, monganso m’banja lirilonse, mwachibadwa amalamulira khalidwe la ana awo, monga momwe zimachitikira m’banja la makolo.

Monga mmene zimakhalira m’mabanja aumunthu, makolo amaika malamulo mokoma mtima. Ndipo pamenepa, mawu akuti "Alpha" Mech sagwiritsa ntchito. M'malo mwake, amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kuswana" yamphongo kapena yaikazi mu paketi. Kapena basi nkhandwe-mayi ndi nkhandwe-bambo.

Chithunzi: pixabay.com

Choncho, lingaliro la "Alpha Wolf" lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofotokoza paketi yopangidwa mochita kupanga, pamene munthu amasonkhanitsa nyama zomwe sizigwirizana, koma, mwachitsanzo, mimbulu yogwidwa mwangozi inayikidwa m'khola. 

M'magulu osakhala achilengedwe otere, nyama zitha kumenyera utsogoleri, ndipo "Alpha Wolf" idzawonekera. Koma ili silirinso banja, koma, ndende yotetezedwa kwambiri.

Koma mimbulu si agalunso!

Inde, agalu, komanso, ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mimbulu chifukwa choweta. Ndipo mukhoza kulozera, mwachitsanzo, ku phunziro Roberto Bonanni (University of Parma, 2010).

Anaphunzira magulu a agalu osokera ndipo anafika pozindikira kuti utsogoleri ndi chinthu chosasinthika. Mwachitsanzo, pagulu limodzi la nyama 27, ambiri agalu asanu ndi mmodzi adakhala mtsogoleri wa gululo nthawi zosiyanasiyana, koma pafupifupi theka la agalu akuluakulu adatenganso udindo wa utsogoleri nthawi zina. Zinapezeka kuti udindo wa utsogoleri nthawi zambiri umaperekedwa kwa agalu odziwa zambiri, koma, mwa njira, osati agalu ankhanza kwambiri.

Zinkawoneka paketi Amalola galu mmodzi kapena wina kuti atenge udindo wa mtsogoleri panthawi inayake kuti apindule kwambiri ndi momwe zinthu zilili panopa ndikupeza zinthu zofunika.

Chithunzi: wikimedia

N’cifukwa ciani tifunika kudziŵa zimenezi?

Choyamba, kuti kutsutsa lingaliro lomwelo la kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza mu maphunziro a galu.  

Kachiwiri, ndiye, kumvetsetsa kuti njira zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu monga Kaisara Millan ndi ochirikiza ena a "wankhondo" mu maphunziro agalu ndi kuwongolera khalidwe zimachokera ku zabodza. Ichi ndi cholowa cha asitikali aku Germany azaka zapitazi, komanso kukhazikika kopanda maziko kozikidwa pakuwona kumodzi kwa mimbulu yogwidwa m'mikhalidwe yosakhala yachilengedwe.

Chithunzi: pxhere

Ndipo mwina tsopano ndi nthawi yoti tiganizirenso za maphunziro a galu ndi kumvera mokomera njira zochokera on kulimbitsa kwabwino. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, kuwongolera khalidwe la galu ndiko, choyamba, kugwira ntchito ndi zake zolimbikitsa ndi zosowa, monga chakudya, masewera, ndi kucheza ndi anthu, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhanza "kulamulira" chiweto m'njira yosafunikira ndi yosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe.

Ngati mukonza bwino momwe galuyo amakhalira ndikumupatsa zomwe akufuna panthawiyi, galuyo adzasangalala kugwirizana ndi inu. Ndipo njira iyi ndi yothandiza kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimatchedwa "kulamulira".

Inde, udindo wa munthu uyenera kukhala wapamwamba kuposa wa galu. Komabe, izi zitha kutheka mosavuta osati ndi mphamvu yankhanza, koma mothandizidwa ndi ulemu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chilimbikitso.