Kodi amphaka ankawoneka bwanji?

Asayansi alibe lingaliro limodzi pa chiyambi cha mphaka woweta. Ndi katundu wotani amene anthu sanapatsidwe amphaka! Mu Igupto wakale, iwo anali kupembedzedwa, kupembedzedwa ndi kuperekedwa nsembe; m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, Vatican inadzudzula amphaka kukhala ogwirizana ndi mdierekezi, kuwapanga kukhala othandiza okhulupirika a mfiti ndi mizimu yoipa. Kodi amphaka ankawoneka bwanji m’moyo wa munthu?

kholo lakuthengo

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chakale, kholo la mphaka zoweta - mphaka steppe, amene akukhalabe mu Africa, Asia, India, Transcaucasia ndipo ngakhale Kazakhstan. Amphaka a steppe ndi akulu kuposa achibale awo apakhomo, ali ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu: kuchokera kumchenga kupita ku mawanga ndi mizere. Nyama zimenezi zimakonda kusaka nyama zing’onozing’ono ndi makoswe.

Zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazo ku Middle East kunali dera lomwe linali ndi dzina landakatulo la Fertile Crescent, lomwe linaphatikizapo madera a Egypt, Mesopotamiya, Foinike ndi Asuri. Derali, lomwe limatchedwa ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, chiyambi cha chitukuko, ndipo chinali chiyambi cha ubusa ndi ulimi pafupifupi zaka 10 zapitazo. Pamodzi ndi tirigu (tirigu), anthu ali ndi adani atsopano - makoswe. Kenako anthu anayamba kuweta amphaka asanu amene ankateteza mbewuzo. Anakhala makolo a amphaka onse apakhomo omwe alipo lero.

Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, umboni woyamba wa zoweta amphaka unapezeka ku Kupro: kumeneko, asayansi adapeza maliro opangidwa zaka 9 zapitazo.

Zimadziwika kuti amphaka adabweretsedwa pachilumbachi ndi anthu onse omwewo ochokera ku Fertile Crescent. Ponena za Aigupto ndi kupembedza kwa mphaka wapakhomo ndi Aigupto, zochitika pano zinayamba kukula pambuyo pake - pafupifupi zaka chikwi chachitatu BC.

Mwa njira, amphaka anabwera ku Ulaya pamodzi ndi amalonda aluso - Afoinike. Ndipo kachiwiri, nyama izi zinali kuyembekezera kupambana. Kale ku Girisi, amphaka ankaonedwa kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri kuposa mikango imene inkakhala m’derali panthawiyo. Amphaka anali osowa kwambiri ndipo motero anali ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri. Kufuna mwachangu kwa ziweto izi kudayamba kutsika pofika zaka za zana la XNUMX AD, pomwe chithunzi cha mphaka chidayamba kutengeka ndi ziwanda pang'onopang'ono.

Kuwonekera kwa amphaka ku Russia

Sitingathe kunena ndendende nthawi yomwe amphaka adawonekera ku Russia, koma zimadziwika kuti adafika ndi apanyanja ngakhale Epiphany isanachitike, ndiye kuti, zaka za zana la XNUMX zisanachitike. Nthawi yomweyo anapambana udindo wa nyama zolemekezeka. Pa chiweto chimodzi chofewa ankalipira ndalama zambiri kuposa ng’ombe kapena nkhosa. Mwa njira, galu amawononga pafupifupi nthawi imeneyo.

Dzina lakuti "mphaka" palokha silinali lachi Russia, koma limachokera ku Latin "kattus". Akazi, mwa njira, amatchedwa "kotka" mpaka zaka za zana la XNUMX. Pambuyo pake, "k" adawonjezeredwa ku "kosha" wocheperako - mawu amakono akuti "paka" adatulukira.

Ku Russia, amphaka sanazunzepo chifukwa choyanjana ndi mdierekezi. M’malo mwake, mphaka ndiye nyama yokhayo imene ingaloŵe m’kachisi. Ndipo zonse chifukwa chathandiza munthu polimbana ndi makoswe. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, Peter I adaperekanso lamulo lofananira: kukhala ndi mphaka m'nkhokwe zonse kuti azitchinjiriza tirigu ndikuwopseza makoswe. Mfumuyo inakhala chitsanzo potengera mphaka Vasily ku Winter Palace.

Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, nyumba ya banja lachifumu idakumana ndi tsoka: mbewa ndi makoswe zidasudzulana mnyumba yachifumu. Kenako Elizaveta Petrovna analamula kuti 30 mwa opha makoswe abwino kwambiri abweretsedwe kuchokera ku Kazan. Mwa njira, kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mbiri ya amphaka a Hermitage inayamba, omwe mpaka lero amakwaniritsa ntchito yawo.