Nkhunda zinayamba bwanji kubweretsa makalata

Mbiri ya makalata a njiwa inayamba kale, pamene idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zankhondo ndi zamalonda. Mbalamezi zili ndi khalidwe labwino kwambiri - nthawi zonse zimabwerera kunyumba. Mayina a opambana pa Masewera akuluakulu a Olimpiki adanenedwa chifukwa cha nkhunda.

Pambuyo pake, m’zaka za zana la 19, kutumiza makalata ndi nkhunda kunakhala kotchuka kwambiri, kumene kunayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi andalama ndi amalonda. Nathan Rothschild, chifukwa cha nkhunda, adapeza momwe nkhondo ya Waterloo inatha ndipo adachita zofunikira zokhudzana ndi chitetezo, pambuyo pake adalemera kwambiri ndipo adalowa m'mbiri. Ku Java ndi Sumatra, nkhunda zonyamulira zidagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizirana usilikali.

Pamene kuzingidwa kwa mzinda wa Paris kunachitika, nkhunda zinabweretsa makalata ndi zithunzi zambiri zotsekedwa m’makapisozi osalowa madzi. Makalata amenewa anamasuliridwa m’chipinda chomangidwa mwapadera. Ajeremani atapeza njira yotumizira uthengawo, anatumiza nkhandwe kuti zikawononge nkhundazo. Mpaka pano, ku Paris kuli chipilala cha Nkhunda, chosungidwa kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Makalata a njiwa atenga malo ofunika kwambiri pamakampani ankhondo.

Mayesero amene Captain Renault anachita m’chaka cha 1895 anasonyeza kuti njiwa imatha kuuluka mtunda wa makilomita oposa 3000 panyanja ya Atlantic, atapezeka kuti nkhunda zomwe zinaphunzitsidwa zimatha kuuluka makilomita oposa 800. Pambuyo pa maphunzirowa, makalata a nkhunda ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza mauthenga ku zombo zapanyanja.

Asanatulutse njiwa pa ulendo wautali, imadyetsedwa ndi kuthiridwa mudengu. Malo omwe njiwa zimayambira ziyenera kukhala zotseguka ndikukhala paphiri. Kuti mbalame zisachite mantha, muyenera kusiya chakudya ndikuchoka. Kuti nkhunda zikhale zowoneka bwino, sizimatsekeredwa m'malo otsekedwa.

Ku New Zealand, kunali utumiki wapadera, wotchedwa Dovegram, pa Great Barrier Island. Utumikiwu udakhala ngati ulalo pakati pa mizinda yaying'ono ndi chilumba cha Auckland. Nkhunda imodzi inatha kutumiza makalata asanu. Nkhunda yomwe inatha kuphimba mtunda wopita ku Auckland kuchokera ku Great Barrier mumphindi 50, kupeza liwiro la 125 km / h ndikupeza dzina lakuti Velocity (liwiro).

Zizindikiro zoyambirira kwambiri za makalata a ndege zinali Dovegrams, masitampu otumizidwa koyamba mu 1898. Kope loyamba linali ndi zidutswa 1800. Pambuyo pake, masitampu a katatu adawonekera, abuluu ndi ofiira. Pofuna kulumikizana ndi a Marothiri, adabwera ndi sitampu yawoyawo. Koma pambuyo polumikizana ndi chingwe, makalata a nkhunda anayenera kusiyidwa.

Panthawi Yoyamba ndi Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, makalata a positi anali otchuka. Pofuna kutumiza makalata mofulumira kusiyana ndi pamsewu, mtolankhani wa Reuters yemwe anakhalako m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX anatumiza nkhunda kuti zikatenge makalatawo.

Mu 1871, Prince Friedrich anabweretsa nkhunda kwa amayi ake monga mphatso, amene anakhala naye kwa zaka zinayi, ndipo ngakhale nthawi imeneyi, njiwa sanaiwale nyumba yake, kuswa, anabwerera kwa mwini wake. M’kanthawi kochepa, nkhunda imatha kuwulukira kutali kwambiri, chifukwa mbalamezi zimakumbukira bwino zinthu.

New Zealand amakondwerera sabata ya sitampu, akugwiritsabe ntchito makalata a nkhunda. Masitampu ndi masitampu amapangidwa makamaka sabata ino.

Pakati pa nkhunda pali zobiriwira komanso wamba. Potumiza, amagwiritsa ntchito Flanner, Antwerp, English quarry ndi Luttich. Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mbiri yake. Ochepa kwambiri ndi a Luti. Chachikulu kwambiri ndi ma flankers. Ali ndi milomo yotakata ndi makosi. Zing'onozing'ono, komanso zazikulu - miyala ya Chingerezi, imakhala ndi kukula kochepa pamlomo, imakhala ndi thupi lolimba.

Zitha kunenedwa za nkhunda za Antwerp kuti ndizo "zokongola" kwambiri, zimakhala ndi khosi lochepa thupi komanso mlomo wautali. Amasiyanitsanso mtundu wa nkhunda wa miyala ndi mtundu wa Dutch tyumler.

Malinga ndi deta yakunja, njiwa zonyamulira sizimasiyana kwambiri ndi imvi, wamba. Itha kusiyanitsidwa ndi zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse ndi zinthu monga zikope zopanda kanthu, mlomo wokhala ndi zotuluka, khosi lalitali, miyendo yayifupi, mapiko ndi akulu komanso amphamvu. Zitha kuwonedwanso pakuwuluka - zimawuluka molunjika, mwachangu komanso mwadala.

Imelo ya njiwa yachoka kale m'mafashoni, ndipo pambali pake, idasinthidwa ndi mitundu ina ya kusamutsa zambiri. Koma pofuna kusunga chikumbukiro cha izi, kutulutsa pigeongram nthawi zina kumapangidwa, monga ku Atlanta, mu 1996.