Zikamera nkhumba ku Ulaya

Kupezeka kwa America ndi Christopher Columbus kunapangitsa kuti pakhale kukhudzana kwa nkhumba ndi Old World. Makoswewa anabwera ku Ulaya, akubweretsedwa pa zombo ndi ogonjetsa a ku Spain 4 zaka zapitazo kuchokera ku Peru. 

Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, njuchi inafotokozedwa mwasayansi m’zolemba za Aldrovandus ndi wa m’nthaŵi yake Gesner, amene anakhalako m’zaka za zana la 30. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wawo, zidapezeka kuti nkhumba idabweretsedwa ku Europe pafupifupi zaka 1580 chigonjetso cha Pizarro pa Amwenye, mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi XNUMX. 

Nkhumba imatchedwa mosiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. 

Ku England - nkhumba yaing'ono ya Indian - nkhumba yaing'ono ya ku India, ng'ombe yosakhazikika - nkhumba yosakhazikika (ya m'manja), nkhumba ya Guinea - nkhumba ya ku Guinea, nkhumba yoweta - nkhumba yoweta. 

Amwenye amatcha nkhumba dzina lomwe anthu a ku Ulaya amamva kuti "cavy". Anthu a ku Spain omwe ankakhala ku America ankatcha nyamayi dzina la Chisipanishi la kalulu, pamene atsamunda ena mouma khosi anapitiriza kuyitcha kuti nkhumba yaing'ono, dzinali linabweretsedwa ku Ulaya pamodzi ndi nyamayo. Azungu asanafike ku America, nkhumba inali chakudya cha mbadwa. Olemba onse a ku Spain a nthawi imeneyo amamutchula kuti kalulu wamng'ono. 

Zingaoneke zachilendo kuti nyama ya m’tchire imeneyi imatchedwa guinea pig, ngakhale kuti si ya nkhumba ndipo si mbadwa ya ku Guinea. Izi, mosakayikira, ndi chifukwa cha momwe anthu a ku Ulaya anaphunzirira za kukhalapo kwa mphutsi. Anthu a ku Spain atalowa m’dziko la Peru, anaona kanyama kamene kanagulitsidwa! zofanana kwambiri ndi nkhumba yoyamwa. 

Kumbali ina, olemba akale anatcha America India. Ndicho chifukwa chake iwo ankatcha nyama yaying'ono iyi porco da India, porcella da India, nkhumba ya ku India. 

Dzina la nkhumba la Guinea likuwoneka kuti linachokera ku Chingerezi, ndipo M. Cumberland akunena kuti, mwinamwake, zimachokera ku mfundo yakuti British anali ndi maubwenzi ambiri a malonda ndi gombe la Guinea kusiyana ndi South America, choncho ankazolowera kuyang'ana. ku Guinea monga gawo la India. Kufanana kwa nkhumba ndi nkhumba yoweta kunabwera makamaka chifukwa cha mmene anthu a m’derali ankaiphikira kuti adye: ankaithira ndi madzi otentha kuti iyeretse ubweya wa nkhosa, monga mmene ankachitira pochotsa nkhono za nkhumba. 

Ku France, nguluwe imatchedwa cochon d'Inde - Indian pig - kapena cobaye, ku Spain ndi Cochinillo das India - Indian pig, ku Italy - porcella da India, kapena porchita da India - Indian pig, ku Portugal - Porguinho da India - Indian mumps, ku Belgium - cochon des montagnes - mapiri a nkhumba, ku Holland - Indiaamsoh varken - Indian pig, ku Germany - Meerschweinchen - guinea pig. 

Kotero, ndizololedwa kuganiza kuti nkhumba za nkhumba zimafalikira ku Ulaya kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa, ndipo dzina lomwe liripo ku Russia - nkhumba za nkhumba, mwinamwake zimasonyeza kuitanitsa nkhumba "kuchokera pamwamba pa nyanja", pa zombo; mbali ina ya mumps kufalikira kuchokera ku Germany, nchifukwa chake dzina la German guinea pig linadutsanso kwa ife, pamene m'mayiko ena onse amadziwika kuti Indian nkhumba. Ichi mwina ndi chifukwa chake amatchedwa kutsidya kwa nyanja, ndiyeno nyanja. 

Nkhumba ilibe kanthu kochita ndi nyanja kapena nkhumba. Dzina lenilenilo lakuti “nkhungu” linkawonekera, mwina chifukwa cha mmene mutu wa nyama unapangidwira. Mwina n’chifukwa chake anamutcha nkhumba. Nyama zimenezi zimadziwika ndi thupi lalitali, malaya opyapyala, khosi lalifupi, ndi miyendo yaifupi; yakutsogolo ili ndi zinayi, ndipo yakumbuyo ili ndi zala zitatu, zokhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zooneka ngati ziboda, zanthiti. Nkhumba ilibe mchira. Izi zikufotokozeranso dzina la nyamayo. M’malo odekha, mawu a nguluwe amafanana ndi kulira kwa madzi, koma ali ndi mantha, amasanduka screech. Choncho phokoso lopangidwa ndi makoswewa ndi lofanana kwambiri ndi kulira kwa nkhumba, chifukwa chake adatchedwa "nkhumba". Zikuganiziridwa kuti ku Ulaya, komanso kwawo, nkhumba poyamba inali chakudya. Mwinamwake, chiyambi cha dzina lachingerezi la nkhumba chikugwirizana ndi zochitika izi - nkhumba ya Guinea - nkhumba ya Guinea (Guinea - mpaka 1816, ndalama zazikulu za golide za Chingerezi, zinachokera ku dziko (Guinea), kumene golide wofunikira pakuti mbiya yake idakumbidwa). 

Nkhumba ndi ya dongosolo la makoswe, banja la nkhumba. Nyamayi ili ndi mizu iwiri yabodza, ma molars asanu ndi limodzi ndi ma incisors awiri pansagwada iliyonse. Maonekedwe a makoswe onse ndikuti ma incisors amakula m'miyoyo yawo yonse. 

Ma incisors a makoswe amaphimbidwa ndi enamel - chinthu chovuta kwambiri - kokha kumbali yakunja, kotero kumbuyo kwa incisor kumafufutidwa mofulumira kwambiri ndipo chifukwa cha izi, malo akuthwa, odulidwa akunja amasungidwa nthawi zonse. 

Ma incisors amatha kudziluma kudzera mu roughage zosiyanasiyana (zomera zimayambira, mizu ya mbewu, udzu, etc.). 

Kunyumba, ku South America, nyamazi zimakhala m'madera ang'onoang'ono m'zigwa zomwe zimakhala ndi zitsamba. Amakumba maenje ndi kukonza malo okhala ngati matauni apansi panthaka. Nkhumba ilibe njira zodzitetezera mwachangu kwa adani ndipo yokhayo ikanatha. Koma kutenga gulu la nyama izi modzidzimutsa sikophweka. Kumva kwawo kumakhala kobisika, chibadwa chawo ndi chodabwitsa, ndipo, chofunika kwambiri, amasinthana kupuma ndi kuteteza. Nkhumbazi zikangomva chenjezo, nthawi yomweyo zimabisala mu mink, pomwe nyama yaikulu simatha kukwawa. Chitetezo chowonjezera kwa makoswe ndi ukhondo wake wosowa. Nkhumba nthawi zambiri patsiku "imatsuka", zisa ndi kunyambita ubweya wake ndi ana ake. Ndizokayikitsa kuti nyama yolusa imatha kupeza nkhumba ndi fungo, nthawi zambiri malaya ake aubweya amangotulutsa fungo la udzu. 

Pali mitundu yambiri ya cavia zakutchire. Zonsezo ndi zofanana ndi zapakhomo, zopanda mchira, koma ubweya wa ubweya ndi mtundu umodzi, nthawi zambiri imvi, bulauni kapena bulauni. Ngakhale kuti yaikazi ili ndi nsonga ziwiri zokha, nthawi zambiri pamakhala ana 3-4 pa lita imodzi. Mimba imatha pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Ana amakula bwino, amawona, amakula mwachangu ndipo pakatha miyezi 2-2 iwowo amatha kubereka. M'chilengedwe, nthawi zambiri pamakhala malita a 3 pachaka, ndipo ambiri amakhala mu ukapolo. 

Nthawi zambiri kulemera kwa nkhumba yachikulire kumakhala pafupifupi 1 kg, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 25 cm. Komabe, kulemera kwa zitsanzo za munthu aliyense kumafikira 2 kg. Kutalika kwa moyo wa makoswe ndi kwakukulu - zaka 8-10. 

Monga nyama ya labotale, nkhumba ndi yofunika kwambiri chifukwa imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ambiri opatsirana mwa anthu ndi nyama zapafamu. Kuthekera kumeneku kwa nkhumba kunatsimikizira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo pozindikira matenda ambiri opatsirana a anthu ndi nyama (mwachitsanzo, diphtheria, typhus, chifuwa chachikulu, glanders, etc.). 

M'ntchito za akatswiri a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda apakhomo ndi akunja ndi a virologists II Mechnikov, NF Gamaleya, R. Koch, P. Roux ndi ena, nkhumba ya nkhumba nthawi zonse imakhala ndi malo amodzi mwa malo oyambirira pakati pa zinyama za labotale. 

Chifukwa chake, nkhumba inali ndipo ndiyofunika kwambiri ngati nyama ya labotale yachipatala ndi Chowona Zanyama bacteriology, virology, pathology, physiology, etc. 

M'dziko lathu, nkhumba ya nkhumba imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera onse a zamankhwala, komanso pa maphunziro a zakudya za anthu, makamaka pophunzira za vitamini C. 

Pakati pa achibale ake pali kalulu wodziwika bwino, gologolo, beaver, ndi capybara yaikulu, yodziwika ku zoo yokha.