Chigoba cha kamba: ndi chiyani ndipo chifukwa chiyani chikufunika?

Mwa mitundu yonse ya zokwawa, nyama yodabwitsa kwambiri ndi kamba, yomwe nthawi zonse imakhala m'nyumba yake ya zipolopolo. Amasintha kwambiri kapangidwe ka thupi, mafupa ndi kakulidwe ka zida za minofu. Kukhalapo kwa hard stratum corneum pamwamba pa nyama kumabweretsa mafunso ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kodi chigoba cha kamba chimakonzedwa bwanji ndipo chimakhala ndi chiyani?

Mbiri yakale: kodi chipolopolocho chinachokera kuti?

Chipolopolo cha kamba chimakhala ngati chitetezo kwa adani, momwe amatha kubisala nthawi zonse. Izi ndi zida zenizeni, zimateteza nyamayo moyenera. Chigobacho chimakhala ndi mbale ziwiri (zapamwamba ndi zapansi), zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi nthiti zosakanikirana. Izi zimapanga dongosolo lolimba lomwe lingathe kupirira katundu wolemera.

Mapangidwe a chipolopolocho anapitirira pang'onopang'ono. Popeza akamba ndi nyama zakale zomwe zabwera kwa ife kuchokera ku nthawi ya Jurassic (zaka 200 miliyoni zapitazo), tingaganize kuti poyamba zinali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana. Mu 2008, akatswiri a ku China anapeza mafupa a “kamba wa mano okhala ndi theka la chigoba.” Chigoba cha kamba chinawonekera panthawi ya chisinthiko, ndipo poyamba gawo lake lakumtunda kokha, carpax, linapangidwa.

Asayansi apeza zotsalira za achibale apamtima a banja la kamba, zomwe zinali zosiyana:

• nthiti zosinthidwa, osati zosakanikirana;
• zikhadabo zolimba;
• kukulitsa miyendo yakutsogolo.

Nthiti zosakanizidwa sizinapereke chitetezo chodalirika, koma zinalola mapapu kudzaza mpweya. Mwinamwake, panthawi ya kutha kwa Permian, pamene mdima ndi kuzizira zinayamba pa dziko lapansi, makolo a kamba wamtunda anabisala mobisa, kukumba mabowo. Mafupa ndi minofu yolimba inathandiza kukumba pansi pa mfundo ya excavator.

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, nthitizo zinayamba kukulira limodzi, ndipo nyamayo pang’onopang’ono inazoloŵerana ndi mmene thupi lake linapangidwira, n’kumadziŵa njira yatsopano yopumira ndi kuyenda. Nthiti zosakanikiranazo zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kugwirizanitsa mbali zakumwamba ndi zapansi za "nyumba" kukhala chinthu chimodzi, ndipo chipolopolocho chinakhala chofunikira kuti kamba atetezedwe.

Izi ndi zochititsa chidwi: Zinali zotheka kupeza mabwinja a mtundu wina wa makolo, ndipo kuchokera ku mafupa ozungulira zitsulo zamaso, zinadziwika kuti nyamazo zinkakhala nthawi yambiri mumdima. Izi zimatsimikizira lingaliro la moyo wapansi panthaka.

Kapangidwe ka zipolopolo

Pansi pa chigoba cha kamba pali msana, womwe umakhala ndi mawonekedwe a arc, wopindika kunja. Nthiti zimamangiriridwa kwa izo, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi collarbones m'munsi mwawo. Carpax (yotchedwa kumbuyo kwa chishango cha kamba) ndi plastron (gawo lakumunsi) zimamangiriridwa bwino pa chigobacho ndipo zimagwiridwa mokhazikika ndi nthiti, kotero n'zosatheka kukoka chokwawa "kuchokera ku nthiti. nyumba". Kamba sangakhale popanda chipolopolo. Ili ndi malo atatu okha omwe amatsegula mutu, miyendo ndi mchira zomwe zimatha kubwerera mkati.

Kapangidwe ka fulu chipolopolo ndi peculiarities wa chigoba anachititsa atrophy ambiri a m`mimba minofu, koma minofu mafupa a khosi ndi miyendo bwino opangidwa, amene amalola kupirira katundu waukulu pamene kusuntha. Chophimba cha keratinized ndi cholimba kwambiri ndipo chimatha kupirira kulemera kwa 200 kuposa kulemera kwa nyama.

Anthu ena ali ndi chidwi chokoka carpax ku plastron, kupanga chishango cha dorsal cha kamba, chomwe chimamveka chotetezeka, chobisala mkati. Zimagwiranso ntchito zina, kuteteza thupi kuti lisatenthe kapena kusowa kutentha.

Zindikirani: Mabala a carapace amakhala ophimbidwa ndi mizere yokhazikika pakapita nthawi. Chifukwa cha iwo, herpetologists kudziwa zaka nyama ndi chikhalidwe cha thanzi.

Chigoba cha kamba chimapangidwa ndi mbale zowirira za mafupa. Pa carpace ya kamba, mbalezo zimakonzedwa mwadongosolo:

• mzere wa msana kapena wapakati;
• lateral, yomwe ili m'mbali mwa phiri;
• mbale zam'mphepete.

Kunja, carpax imakutidwa ndi mbale ina ya keratinized, yoyikidwa mwachisawawa. Kawirikawiri, izi zimakulolani kupanga chipolopolo cholimba cha fupa. Mu zokwawa zapamtunda, zimakhala zolamuliridwa, zokwawa zam'madzi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osavuta.

Plastron imapangidwa ndi mbale 9 za mafupa, 4 zomwe zimaphatikizidwa. Yachisanu ndi chinayi ili pakatikati pa kutsogolo, mbale zazikulu kwambiri. plastron ndi kutsirizitsa anatomical lamba wakutsogolo ndi nthiti zomwe amangirirapo. M'mitundu yapadziko lapansi ndi yayikulu komanso yolimba, m'madzi amasinthidwa kukhala mbale zopepuka za cruciform.

Zindikirani: Chigoba cha kamba sichimapangidwa ndi keratinized, chimakhala ndi mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Nyama ikamenyedwa kapena kuvulazidwa, imavulazidwa komanso imamva ululu.

Mphamvu ndi mtundu wa chipolopolo

Kukhalitsa kwa chigoba cha kamba zimatengera mtundu wake, kukula kwake, ndi malo okhala. Koma inu simungakhoze kuzitcha izo zosatheka. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbalame ndi zilombo zomwe zimatsitsa nyamayo pamtunda. Nthawi yomweyo, "chigoba choteteza" chimaphulika ndipo chakudya chokomacho chimakhala chokonzeka kudya.

Ngati chokwawa chimakhala mu ukapolo, ndiye kuti chikhoza kugwetsedwa, kugunda, kukanidwa ndi chitseko. Zonsezi zimachititsa kuti munthu avulale, chifukwa zinthu zimene chigoba cha kamba amapangira si zida zankhondo m’lingaliro lenileni la mawuwo.

Izi ndizosangalatsa: Mwachilengedwe, pali kamba yotanuka, yomwe imakutidwa ndi chipolopolo chofewa. Iye ndi wamng'ono (thupi - mpaka 20 cm) wokhala m'matanthwe a ku Africa ndi savannas.

Zikachitika ngozi, imatha kufinyira paphanga lopapatiza kwambiri ndipo nyama yolusayo siyingatulukemo.

Mitundu ndi mawonekedwe a ma scutes a nyanga ndi osiyanasiyana, amadalira mitundu ndi dzina la munthu. Chifukwa cha kujambula, ndizotheka kunena motsimikiza kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa nyama inayake. Kamba yemwe ali m’chigoba cha zishango zokongola zamitundumitundu akadali nkhani yosaka ndi opha nyama popanda chilolezo. Mapangidwe a nyanga amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafelemu owonera, zikopa, zogwirira mpeni ndi zinthu zina.

Kodi chigobacho chimapangidwa bwanji mwa akamba akhanda?

Zokwawa sizisamala za ana awo. Ana oswedwa pamlingo wachibadwa amathamangira kunyanja kapena kumtunda. Panthawi imeneyi, amakhala pachiwopsezo kwambiri, ngakhale akamba amabadwa ndi chipolopolo. Koma "chipolopolo choteteza" sichinapangidwe mokwanira ndipo "gourmets" (mbalame, nkhanu, raccoons) amadya ana mofunitsitsa.

Amadzisintha okha m'chilengedwe, ndipo chipolopolo cha kamba chimapangidwa nthawi imodzi ndi kukula kwake, komwe kumatenga zaka 10, mpaka nyamayo ikakula. Zishango zatsopano zimayamba kukula m'mphepete. Pakati pa mbale mwa achinyamata pali mipata yambiri, kotero "zida" zilibe mphamvu zambiri. Kenako mbale za oblique zimayamba kukula ndikutseka pang'onopang'ono. Umu ndi mmene chigoba cha kamba chimakulira.

Mu ziweto, kukula kwake kwa "piramidi" nthawi zina kumakhala kotheka, komwe ndi matenda. Izi ndichifukwa chakuyika kolakwika kwa keratin - mapuloteni omwe amapangidwa ndi mbale za nyanga. Pakhoza kukhala mawanga kapena kusinthika: ichi ndi chizindikiro cha chitukuko cha matenda. Zokwawa zimadziwika ndi kubwezeretsedwanso, pomwe madera ovulala amatha kudzichiritsa okha.

Izi ndizosangalatsa: pali phosphorous mu kapangidwe ka kamba "dome". Nyama ikakhala padzuwa kwa nthawi yaitali, usiku imatha kuwala, n’kupereka malo amene nyamayo ili.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa kapangidwe ka chipolopolo cha akamba am'nyanja

Mapangidwe a mafupa a mitundu ya m'madzi si osiyana kwambiri ndi achibale awo akumtunda. Akamba onse ali ndi chipolopolo, koma mawonekedwe ake ndi osiyana pang'ono kwa anthu okhala m'madzi ndi pamtunda. Mu zokwawa kumtunda, ndi cholimba kwambiri. Ichi ndi chida cholimba chomwe chili ndi mawonekedwe a convex.

Kodi chigoba cha kamba chomwe chimakhala m'madzi ndi chiyani? M'madzi am'madzi, imakhala yolimba komanso yosalala. Panthawi ya chisinthiko cha kamba ya m'nyanja, adapanga chimango chofanana ndi misozi, chomwe chimasinthidwa ndikukulolani kuti musunthe mofulumira m'madzi. Popeza chipolopolocho ndi chathyathyathya, ndipo mutu ndi zipsepse za zamoyo zam'madzi ndi zazikulu, sangathe kuzibisa. Kuthamanga ndiye chinsinsi chachitetezo cha nyama komanso kuthekera kopeza chakudya. Zipsepse zakutsogolo zimakhala zazikulu komanso zamphamvu kuposa zakumbuyo, zimathandiza chokwawa kuti chiziyenda mwachangu.

Izi ndi zochititsa chidwi: Anthu okhala m'madzi ndi aakulu kwambiri. Zili “zolimba” kwa zilombo zambiri za m’madzi, popeza sizitha kumeza chokwawa chachikulu.

Pakati pa anthu am'madzi, kamba wa leatherback amawonekera bwino ndi mawonekedwe apadera, chifukwa chake amabzalidwa m'magulu osiyana. Alibe zikhadabo pa zipsepse zake, ndipo mbale zokhala ndi zida zankhondo zimasinthidwa ndi chikopa chachikopa. Izi subspecies kamba akhoza kukhala popanda chipolopolo. Koma iyi ndi nyama yokhayo komanso yapadera, zokonda zomwe kulibe.

Chigoba ndi "khadi loyitana" la kamba. Chokwawa chachilendochi chimayenda paliponse ndi nyumba yake. Zikuwoneka zaka 200 miliyoni zapitazo, nyamayo ikupitiriza ulendo wake wochepa padziko lapansi. Tsopano tikudziwa yankho la funsoli: chifukwa chiyani kamba amafunikira chipolopolo.