Kodi kuphunzitsa agalu ogwira ntchito ndi chiyani?

Kuchokera ku classical conditioned reflex yotchedwa IP Pavlov, reflex iyi imasiyana chifukwa imachokera kuzinthu zomwe nyama zimachita, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zosowa zina. Ndipo kulimbikitsa nthawi yomweyo ndi zotsatira za ntchito yogwira ntchito komanso yopindulitsa. Ngakhale ndi classical conditioned reflex, kulimbikitsako ndi kopanda malire, kapena kungokhala kolimbikitsa kwachiwiri.

Kuphunzira kogwira ntchito kunapezedwa ndi wasayansi waku America EL Thorndike chifukwa cha luntha la amphaka ndi agalu. Zoona zake n’zakuti Thorndike, pozindikira luso la nyama pophunzira, anapanga khola lapadera lokhala ndi chitseko chokhala ndi loko losavuta. Kutseka amphaka ndi agalu mu khola limeneli, iye anayang'ana ndi chisangalalo chathanzi cha wasayansi pamene azichimwene ake aang'ono akuphunzira kutsegula chitseko ichi. Ndipo abale ndi alongo achicheperewo anaphunzira kutsegula chitseko mwa kuchita zoyesayesa zosiyanasiyana, zina zimene zinapambana, ndipo zina sizinaphule kanthu. Chifukwa chake, Thorndike adatcha njira yophunzirira yomwe adapeza "mayesero ndi zolakwika."

Komabe, kuphunzira kotereku kunadzatchedwa pambuyo pake ndi wasayansi wina wotchuka wa ku Amereka, BF Skinner, amene anathera moyo wake wonse wasayansi kwa icho. Ndicho chifukwa chake, pakati pa abambo angapo a opaleshoni ya reflex, Skinner amaonedwa kuti ndi bambo wamkulu. Komabe, mwachilungamo, tikuwona kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba padziko lapansi, maphunziro ozikidwa pa maphunziro ogwira ntchito adafotokozedwa ndi mphunzitsi wathu wodabwitsa Vladimir Durov m'buku lake lakuti "Animal Training. Malingaliro amalingaliro pa nyama zophunzitsidwa molingana ndi njira yanga. Zaka 40 zakuchitikira.” Chifukwa chake, mutha kuwerenga za mtundu waku Russia wamaphunziro ogwirira ntchito m'buku la Vladimir Durov, ndipo mtundu waku America wamaphunziro ogwirira ntchito akufotokozedwa bwino m'buku lakuti "Osakulira galu!" ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo ndi mphunzitsi Karen Pryor, zomwe, mwa njira, ndikulangizanso kuti muwerenge.

Njira ya Skinner yophunzitsira opareshoni itha kufotokozedwa motere:

1. siteji yakumanidwa. Izi ndi zomwe Skinner adazitcha siteji iyi m'ma 30s. Komabe, tsopano siteji iyi iyenera kutchedwa "siteji yosankha ndikupanga chosowa chofunikira."

   Popanga oparenti conditioned reflex, pafupifupi zosowa zonse zodziwika kwa agalu zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, koma Skinner amagwiritsa ntchito chakudya chosowa nthawi zambiri. Ndipo tanthawuzo la gawo lolandirira linali lakuti Skinner mwina ankadyetsa nyama kwa kanthawi, kapena kuzipha ndi njala. Ankakhulupirira kuti kulimbikitsa chakudya kunangokhala kofunika kwa nyama komanso yothandiza pophunzira pamene nyamayi inataya pafupifupi 20% ya kulemera kwake kwamoyo. O, nthawi, machitidwe!

   

2. Gawo la mapangidwe okhazikika chakudya kulimbitsa. Pakufufuza kwake, Skinner adagwiritsa ntchito zodyetsa zokha, zomwe zimamveka ngati chizindikiro kwa nyama kuti ziwonekere ngati pellet ya chakudya. Ndipo izi zinatenga nthawi. Gawoli linkaganiziridwa kuti linatha pamene, poyankha phokoso la chakudya, khoswe nthawi yomweyo anathamangira kwa wodyetsa.

   

   M'malo mwake, siteji iyi ndi mapangidwe a classical conditioned sound reflex ndi kulimbikitsa chakudya. Zimagwiranso ntchito ngati maziko a maphunziro otchedwa clicker - njira yophunzitsira pogwiritsa ntchito zakudya zomveka bwino zolimbitsa thupi.

   Ndipo tiyenera kuvomereza kuti sukulu yophunzitsira ntchito imasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi maphunziro azikhalidwe zapakhomo ndi chidwi chomwe maphunziro apantchito amalipira pa nkhani yolimbikitsa. Makamaka zabwino ndi probabilistic reinforcement.

3. Gawo la kupanga mapangidwe. Monga khalidwe lachitsanzo, Skinner anaphunzitsa makoswe ake kukanikiza chopondapo ndi nkhunda zake kuti zijoŵe makiyi. Mapangidwe a zomwe amachitira kukanikiza pedal kunachitika mu imodzi mwa njira zitatu: mwa kuyesa ndi zolakwika (modzidzimutsa mapangidwe), ndi molunjika kapena motsatizana mapangidwe ndi njira chandamale.

   Mapangidwe angoziwo anali kuti chinyama, podutsa mu bokosi la Skinner, mwangozi anakankhira chopondapo ndipo pang'onopang'ono kugwirizana kukanikiza izo ndi kuphatikizika kwa wodyetsa basi.

   

   Popanga njira yolowera, wofufuzayo adayatsa chophatikizira chodziwikiratu, choyamba kulimbikitsa kuyang'ana kolunjika, kenako ndikuchiyandikira, kenako ndikuchikanikiza. Bwanji osaphunzitsa ma clicker!

   Ndipo njira yomwe cholinga chake inali yoti chiboliboli cha chakudya chimamatidwa pa kiyiyo, kuyesa kung'amba kumapangitsa kukanikiza chowongoleracho.

   Njira yamakono yophunzitsira ntchito yoyambitsa khalidwe lofunidwa imalola kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi njira zonse zodziwika zokopa nyama. Komabe, zimaonedwa kuti ndizosathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito zosokoneza (zomwe zimayambitsa kupweteka kapena kusamva bwino).

4. Kubweretsa khalidwe pansi pa chiwongolero chokondoweza kapena kuyambitsa kusiyanitsa kosiyana. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuyambitsidwa kwa chilimbikitso chokhazikika kapena lamulo.

   Skinner ndi omutsatira ankakhulupirira kuti kupangidwa kwa chinthu ndi nthawi imodzi yomwe ikufanana ndi kugwirizana kwake ndi chokondoweza chokhazikika (lamulo) ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana. Ndipo kutengera zinthu ziwiri zosiyana nthawi imodzi kumasokoneza kuphunzira. Choncho, ogwira ntchito zachikhalidwe amayamba kupanga khalidwe, ndiyeno lowetsani lamulo.

   

   Tiyenera kutsindika kuti pakuphunzira kogwira ntchito, kusonkhezera kosiyanitsa sikuli lamulo m'kumvetsetsa kwathu. Gulu lili ngati dongosolo, sichoncho? Nthawi zambiri timatanthauzira motere. Chochititsa chidwi chosiyanitsa ndi chidziwitso chomwe pakali pano kuchita kwa khalidwe ndikothandiza kwambiri komanso kotheka. Choncho, "lamulo" mu maphunziro ogwira ntchito ali ndi ntchito yolola ndi kulola kuti khalidwelo lichitike.

   Kuti timveke bwino, tiyeni tipende kuyambika kwa babu muzoyesera monga chokoka mtima chosiyanitsa. Choncho khosweyo waphunzira kukanikiza chopondapocho n’kumachikankha akafuna kudya. Wofufuzayo amayatsa nyali kwa masekondi angapo ndikupanga mikhalidwe yomwe kukanikiza chopondapo pokhapokha kuyatsa kuyatsa kumabweretsa chakudya. Ndipo nyaliyo ikazimitsidwa, mosasamala kanthu kuti mukusindikiza mochuluka bwanji, mudzakhala ndi zala zitatu! Ndiko kuti, kuphatikizika kwa babu kumapanga, kulekanitsa, kusiyanitsa, kusiyanitsa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Ndipo khoswe posakhalitsa amayamba kumvetsa. Ndipo popeza akufunadi kudya (amasowa chakudya!), Kenako, ataona babu yayaka, nthawi yomweyo amathamangira kopondaponda, ndipo, kanikizani! Kunja, zikuwoneka kuti babu yoyatsidwa imapanga khoswe, ndikuyilamula kuti ikanikize pedal. Koma tsopano mwazindikira kuti sizili choncho. Kuwala kukayatsa, akuti: Tsopano mutha kukanikiza chopondapo. Koma kokha!

5. Kulimbikitsa khalidwe. Kuphatikizika kwa khalidwe lopangidwa ku lusoli kumachitika ndi kubwerezabwereza pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera. Ndizothandizanso kugwiritsa ntchito zosowa zosiyanasiyana za izi ndipo, molingana ndi izi, kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana.

   Mtundu wapakhomo wa njira yophunzitsira, yochokera ku Vladimir Durov, imasiyana chifukwa imakulolani kuti muwonetsere nthawi yomweyo chokondoweza chachikulu (kulamula, kusiyanitsa chokondoweza, chokondoweza). Kuchita kumasonyeza kuti luso limapangidwa pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi njira yotumizidwa kunja. Ndipo popeza imakupatsani mwayi wochotsa sitepe yonse, imapulumutsa nthawi. Kotero ndizomveka kuthandizira wopanga zoweta za njira zophunzitsira!

24 September 2019

Kusinthidwa: 26 Marichi 2020