Momwe ndi chiyani akamba amapuma pansi pa madzi ndi pamtunda, ziwalo zopuma za m'nyanja ndi pamtunda

Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti makutu ofiira ndi akamba ena amapuma pansi pamadzi ngati nsomba - ndi gill. Izi ndizolakwika - mitundu yonse ya akamba ndi zokwawa ndipo zimapuma pamtunda ndi m'madzi mofanana - mothandizidwa ndi mapapo. Koma mtundu wapadera wa ziwalo zopuma za nyamazi zimawathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wabwino kwambiri, kotero amatha kusunga mpweya ndikukhala pansi pa madzi kwa nthawi yaitali.

Chida chopumira

Mu zinyama, kuphatikizapo anthu, popuma, diaphragm imakula ndipo mpweya umatengedwa ndi mapapo - izi zimachitika ndi nthiti zosuntha. Mu akamba, ziwalo zonse zamkati zimazunguliridwa ndi chipolopolo, ndipo dera la chifuwa ndilosasunthika, choncho njira yotengera mpweya ndi yosiyana kwambiri. Mpweya wa nyamazi uli ndi ziwalo zotsatirazi:

• mphuno zakunja - inhalation ikuchitika kudzera mwa iwo;
• mphuno zamkati (zimatchedwa choanas) - zomwe zili kumwamba komanso moyandikana ndi phazi la laryngeal;
• dilator - minofu yomwe imatsegula larynx pamene ikupuma ndi kutulutsa mpweya;
• trachea yochepa - imakhala ndi mphete za cartilaginous, imayendetsa mpweya ku bronchi;
• bronchi - nthambi ziwiri, kuchititsa mpweya m'mapapo;
• minyewa ya m'mapapo - yomwe ili m'mbali, yomwe imagwira kumtunda kwa thupi.

Kupuma kwa kamba kumachitika chifukwa cha magulu awiri a minofu yomwe ili pamimba. Zokwawa sizikhala ndi diaphragm yolekanitsa ziwalo zamkati ndi mapapu; pokoka, minyewayo imangokankhira ziwalo kutali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti minyewa yam'mapapo ya spongy idzaze malo onse. Potulutsa mpweya, kusuntha kosinthika kumachitika ndipo kupanikizika kwa ziwalo zamkati kumapangitsa kuti mapapu agwire ndikutulutsa mpweya wotulutsa.

Nthawi zambiri, paws ndi mutu zimagwiranso ntchito mwakhama - pozikoka, nyamayo imachepetsa malo omasuka amkati ndikukankhira mpweya kuchokera m'mapapo. Kusakhalapo kwa diaphragm kumathetsa mapangidwe a kupsyinjika kwa msana mu chifuwa, kotero kuwonongeka kwa mapapo sikulepheretsa kupuma. Chifukwa cha izi, akamba amatha kukhala ndi moyo chipolopolo chikasweka.

Kutenga mpweya nthawi zonse kumachitika kudzera m'mphuno. Ngati kamba atsegula pakamwa pake ndikuyesa kupuma mkamwa mwake, ichi ndi chizindikiro cha matenda.

Futa

Chifukwa cha dongosolo lovuta la kupuma, akamba samangopuma, koma amalandira chidziwitso cha dziko lozungulira iwo kudzera mu kununkhiza kwawo. Fungo ndilo gwero lalikulu lachidziwitso cha zinyama izi - ndizofunika kuti tipeze bwino chakudya, kuyang'ana m'deralo, ndi kulankhulana ndi achibale. Ma receptor olfactory amapezeka m'mphuno ndi m'kamwa mwa nyama, choncho, kuti atenge mpweya, kamba akugwira mwamphamvu minofu ya pansi pakamwa. Kutulutsa mpweya kumachitika kudzera m'mphuno, nthawi zina ndi phokoso lakuthwa. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona momwe nyama imayasamula - iyi ndi gawo la kununkhiza.

Chipangizo cha dongosolo la kupuma, komanso kusowa kwa minofu ya diaphragm, kumapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kutsokomola. Chifukwa chake, chinyama sichingathe kuchotsa zinthu zakunja zomwe zalowa mu bronchi, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafa m'mapapo am'mapapo.

Ndi akamba angati sangathe kupuma

Akamba akasambira pafupi ndi madzi, amakwera pamwamba kuti azitha kupuma. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya pa mphindi imodzi kumadalira mtundu wa nyama, zaka ndi kukula kwa chipolopolo chake. Zamoyo zambiri zimapuma mphindi zochepa zilizonse - zamoyo zam'madzi zimakwera pamwamba mphindi 20 zilizonse. Koma mitundu yonse ya akamba amatha kupuma kwa maola angapo.

Izi ndizotheka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa minofu ya m'mapapo. Mu kamba wa makutu ofiira, mapapo amakhala ndi 14% ya thupi. Choncho, mu mpweya umodzi, nyama akhoza kupeza mpweya kwa maola angapo pansi pa madzi. Ngati kamba sasambira, koma imagona pansi, mpweya umadyedwa pang'onopang'ono, ukhoza kutha pafupifupi tsiku.

Mosiyana ndi zamoyo zam'madzi, akamba akumtunda amapuma kwambiri, amatenga mpweya wa 5-6 pamphindi.

Njira zachilendo zopumira

Kuphatikiza pa kupuma wamba kudzera m'mphuno, ambiri oimira mitundu yamadzi amchere amatha kulandira mpweya mwanjira ina. Mutha kumva kuti akamba am'madzi amapuma m'matako - njira yapaderayi ilipodi, ndipo nyamazi zimatchedwa "kupuma kwa bimodally". Maselo apadera omwe ali pakhosi la nyama komanso mu cloaca amatha kuyamwa mpweya kuchokera m'madzi. Kukoka mpweya ndi kutulutsa madzi kuchokera ku cloaca kumapanga njira yomwe imatha kutchedwa "booty breathing" - mitundu ina imapanga maulendo angapo otere pamphindi. Izi zimathandiza kuti zokwawa zidutse mozama popanda kukwera pamwamba kwa maola 10-12.

Woimira wodziwika kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopumira iwiri ndi Fitzroy kamba, yomwe imakhala mumtsinje wa dzina lomwelo ku Australia. Kamba uyu amapuma m'madzi, chifukwa cha minofu yapadera m'matumba a cloacal odzazidwa ndi zotengera zambiri. Izi zimamupatsa mwayi wosayandama pamwamba mpaka masiku angapo. Kuipa kwa njira iyi yopumira ndi zofunika kwambiri kuti madzi ayeretsedwe - chinyama sichidzatha kupeza mpweya kuchokera kumadzi amtambo omwe ali ndi zonyansa zosiyanasiyana.

Njira ya kupuma kwa anaerobic

Pambuyo popuma, kambayo imamira pang'onopang'ono, kuyamwa kwa okosijeni kuchokera m'mapapo kupita m'magazi kumapitirira kwa mphindi 10-20. Mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide umadziunjikira popanda kuchititsa mkwiyo, popanda kufunikira kutha nthawi yomweyo, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zinyama. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kupuma anaerobic adamulowetsa, amene pa siteji yomaliza ya mayamwidwe m`malo mpweya kuwombola kudzera m`mapapo minofu.

Pa kupuma kwa anaerobic, minofu yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa mmero, mu cloaca, imagwiritsidwa ntchito - kusanjika kumapangitsa kuti mapepalawa aziwoneka ngati magalasi. Zimangotenga masekondi angapo kuti nyamayo ichotse mpweya woipa ndipo kenaka itengenso mpweya pamene ikukwera. Zamoyo zambiri zimatuluka m’madzi mwamphamvu zisanakweze mutu pamwamba pa nthaka ndi kuloŵeza mpweya kudzera m’mphuno zawo.

Kupatulapo ndi akamba a m'nyanja - ziwalo zawo zopuma sizimaphatikizapo minofu mu cloaca kapena larynx, kotero kuti atenge mpweya, amayenera kuyandama pamwamba ndikutulutsa mpweya kudzera m'mphuno zawo.

Kupuma pa nthawi ya kugona

Mitundu ina ya akamba amatha kugona pansi pamadzi, nthawi zina m'dziwe lomwe lakutidwa ndi ayezi. Kupuma nthawi imeneyi ikuchitika anaerobically kudzera pakhungu, matumba cesspool ndi mphukira zapadera mu m`phuno. Njira zonse za thupi panthawi yogona zimachepetsa kapena kuyima, motero mpweya umafunika kuti upereke mtima ndi ubongo.