Maphunziro agalu ogwira ntchito

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa galu ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kudziwa kuti ndi yabwino kwa inu ndi galu wanu. Masiku ano, anthu ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro ogwira ntchito. 

Njira zosiyanasiyana ...

Mu cynology, pali njira zambiri zophunzitsira. Pafupifupi, ndikanawagawa m'magulu awiri:

• galu samangotenga nawo mbali pakuphunzira (mwachitsanzo, njira yachikale, yodziwika kale: pamene, kuti tiphunzitse galu lamulo la "Sit", timakankhira galu pa croup, potero kumayambitsa kusapeza ndi kukhumudwitsa galu. kuputa galu kuti akhale pansi)
• galu amatenga nawo mbali mwachangu pamaphunzirowo (mwachitsanzo, titha kuphunzitsa galuyo lamulo la "Khalani" powonetsa galuyo chidutswa chamankhwala ndikuyika chikhatho chake m'dera la korona wa galuyo, kumupangitsa kuti akweze mutu wake ndikumukweza. , motero, tsitsa kumbuyo kwa thupi pansi).

 The makina njira amapereka mwachilungamo mwamsanga chifukwa. Chinthu china ndi chakuti agalu amakani (mwachitsanzo, terriers kapena mitundu yachibadwidwe) amapumula kwambiri pamene amapanikizidwa: mumakakamiza pa croup, ndipo galu amawerama kuti asakhale pansi. Kusiyanitsa kwina: agalu omwe ali ndi dongosolo lamanjenje loyenda kwambiri ndi njira iyi amawonetsa mwachangu zomwe zimatchedwa "mkhalidwe wosaphunzira." Galuyo amamvetsa kuti "sitepe kumanja, sitepe kumanzere ndi kuphedwa", ndipo ngati alakwitsa, nthawi yomweyo amayamba kukonza, ndipo nthawi zambiri zosasangalatsa. Chotsatira chake, agalu amawopa kupanga zisankho zawo, amatayika mumkhalidwe watsopano, sali okonzeka kuchitapo kanthu, ndipo izi ndi zachilengedwe: amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mwiniwakeyo amawapangira zonse. Sindinenapo ngati izi ndizabwino kapena zoyipa. Njira imeneyi yakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano. Poyamba, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa njira zina, ntchitoyi inamangidwa makamaka ndi njira iyi, ndipo tinali ndi agalu abwino omwe ankagwiranso ntchito m'magulu ankhondo, ndiko kuti, zomwe zingathe kuwerengedwa pazovuta zenizeni. Koma cynology siyimayima ndipo, mwa lingaliro langa, ndi tchimo kusagwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za kafukufuku watsopano, kuphunzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chatsopano. Ndipotu, njira yogwiritsira ntchito, yomwe Karen Pryor anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito, yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu cynology kwa nthawi yaitali. Anagwiritsa ntchito koyamba ndi zoyamwitsa zam'madzi, koma njirayo imagwira ntchito ndi aliyense: itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa njuchi kuyendetsa mipira mugoli kapena nsomba ya golide kudumpha pamwamba. Ngakhale chinyama ichi chikuphunzitsidwa ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito, tinganene chiyani za agalu, akavalo, amphaka, ndi zina zotero. Kusiyana pakati pa njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndi yachikale ndikuti galu ndi wogwira nawo ntchito mwakhama pa maphunziro.

Kodi maphunziro agalu ogwira ntchito ndi chiyani

Kalelo m'zaka za m'ma 30 za zaka za m'ma 19, wasayansi Edward Lee Thorndike adafika potsimikiza kuti njira yophunzirira, yomwe wophunzirayo ndi wothandizira komanso pamene zisankho zolondola zimalimbikitsidwa, zimapereka zotsatira zofulumira komanso zokhazikika. Zomwe adakumana nazo, zomwe zimadziwika kuti Thorndike's Problem Box. Kuyeseraku kunali kuyika mphaka wanjala m'bokosi lamatabwa lokhala ndi makoma a lattice, omwe amawona chakudya kumbali ina ya bokosilo. Nyamayo inkakhoza kutsegula chitseko pokanikizira chopondapo m’bokosilo kapena kukoka chitsulocho. Koma mphakayo anayesera kaye kuti apeze chakudya polowetsa zikhadabo zake m’mipiringidzo ya kholalo. Pambuyo zolephera zingapo, iye anafufuza zonse mkati, anachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Pamapeto pake, chilombocho chinaponda pachitsulocho, ndipo chitseko chinatseguka. Chifukwa cha njira zambiri mobwerezabwereza, mphaka pang'onopang'ono anasiya kuchita zosafunika ndipo nthawi yomweyo mbamuikha pedal. 

Pambuyo pake, kuyesa uku kunapitilizidwa ndi Skinner.  

 Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zinapangitsa kuti pakhale mapeto ofunikira kwambiri pa maphunziro: zochita zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa, ndiko kuti, zolimbikitsidwa, zimakhala zowonjezereka m'mayesero otsatirawa, ndipo zomwe sizilimbitsidwa sizigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chiweto m'mayesero otsatirawa.

Operant Learning Quadrant

Poganizira njira yophunzirira yogwira ntchito, sitingathe kuthandizira koma kukhazikika pa lingaliro la quadrant ya maphunziro oyendetsa ntchito, ndiko kuti, mfundo zoyambirira za ntchito ya njirayi. The quadrant imachokera pa zolimbikitsa za nyama. Chifukwa chake, zomwe chiweto chimachita zimatha kubweretsa zotsatira ziwiri:

• kulimbikitsa chilimbikitso cha galu (galu amapeza zomwe amafuna, momwemo amabwereza izi nthawi zambiri, chifukwa zimabweretsa kukhutiritsa zilakolako)
• chilango (galu amapeza zomwe sanafune, pamene galuyo amapewa kubwereza zomwezo).

 Muzochitika zosiyanasiyana, zomwezo zimatha kukhala kulimbikitsa komanso chilango kwa galu - zonse zimadalira chilimbikitso. Mwachitsanzo, kusisita. Tiyerekeze kuti galu wathu amakonda kusisita. Zikatero, ngati chiweto chathu ndi chomasuka kapena wotopa, stroking wokondedwa wake mwini, ndithudi, adzakhala kulimbikitsa. Komabe, ngati galu wathu akuphunzira kwambiri, kuŵeta kwathu kudzakhala kosayenera, ndipo galuyo angaone kuti ndi mtundu wina wa chilango. Talingalirani chitsanzo china: galu wathu anauwa kunyumba. Tiyeni tipende chisonkhezero chake: Galu akhoza kuuwa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, koma tsopano tipenda mmene zinthu zilili pamene galu akulira chifukwa chonyong’onyeka kuti akope chidwi chathu. Choncho, chisonkhezero cha galu: kukopa chidwi cha mwiniwake. Kwa mwiniwake, galuyo ndi wolakwa. Mwiniwakeyo akuyang’ana galuyo n’kumakalipira, kuyesera kumuletsa. Mwiniwakeyo amakhulupirira kuti panthawiyi adalanga galuyo. Komabe, galuyo ali ndi maganizo osiyana kwambiri pa nkhaniyi - kodi timakumbukira kuti ankafuna chidwi? Ngakhale kuyang'ana kolakwika ndi chidwi. Ndiko kuti, kuchokera kumbali ya galu, mwiniwake wangokhutiritsa cholinga chake, potero kulimbikitsa kuuwa. Kenako timatembenukira ku lingaliro lomwe Skinner adapanga m'zaka zapitazi: zochita zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa zimabwerezedwa pafupipafupi. Ndiko kuti, ife, mosadziwa, timapanga khalidwe mu chiweto chathu chomwe chimatikwiyitsa. Chilango ndi kulimbikitsana kungakhale kwabwino kapena koipa. Fanizo lidzatithandiza kulimvetsa. Ubwino ndi pamene china chake chawonjezeredwa. Zoipa - chinachake chimachotsedwa. 

Mwachitsanzo: galu anachita chinthu chomwe adalandirapo chosangalatsa. izo kulimbitsa kwabwino. Galuyo anakhala pansi n’kulandirako chakudya. Ngati galu adachitapo kanthu, chifukwa chake adalandira zosasangalatsa, tikulankhula chilango chabwino Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti alangidwe. Galuyo anayesa kuzula chakudya patebulo, ndipo mbale ndi poto nthawi yomweyo zinagwerapo ndi ngozi. Ngati galu akumana ndi chinthu chosasangalatsa, amachitapo kanthu chifukwa chosasangalatsacho chimatha - izi ndi kulimbitsa kolakwika. Mwachitsanzo, tikamagwiritsa ntchito njira yamakina yophunzitsira pophunzira kuchepa, timakakamiza galu pa croup - timamupatsa kusapeza. Galuyo akakhala pansi, kukanikiza kwa croup kumatha. Ndiko kuti, zochita za shrinkage zimayimitsa zotsatira zosasangalatsa pa croup ya galu. Ngati zochita za galu zimayimitsa chinthu chosangalatsa chomwe amasangalala nacho kale, tikulankhula chilango choipa. Mwachitsanzo, galu adasewera nanu ndi mpira kapena m'mitsempha - ndiko kuti, adalandira malingaliro osangalatsa. Atasewera, galuyo mosadziwa komanso mopweteka kwambiri adagwira chala chanu, chifukwa chake mudasiya kusewera ndi chiweto - zomwe galu anachita zinayimitsa zosangalatsa zosangalatsa. 

Zochita zomwezo zitha kuwonedwa ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilango kapena kulimbikitsa, kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri kapena wotenga nawo mbali pankhaniyi.

 Tiyeni tibwerere kwa galu akulira kunyumba chifukwa chotopa. Mwiniwakeyo anakalipira galuyo, yemwe anangokhala chete. Ndiko kuti, kuchokera kumbali ya mwiniwake, zochita zake (kukalipira galu ndi chete zomwe zinatsatira) zinayimitsa zochitika zosasangalatsa - kuuwa. Tikulankhula munkhaniyi (mokhudzana ndi wolandila) za kulimbitsa koyipa. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a galu wotopa amene akufuna kuti mwiniwakeyo amvetsere mwa njira iliyonse, kulira kwa mwiniwake poyankha kulira kwa galu ndiko kulimbikitsanso kwabwino. Ngakhale, ngati galu akuwopa mwini wake, ndipo kuuwa kunali kudzipindulitsa kuchitapo kanthu kwa izo, ndiye kulira kwa mwiniwake muzochitika izi ndi chilango choipa kwa galuyo. Nthawi zambiri, pogwira ntchito ndi galu, katswiri wodziwa bwino amagwiritsa ntchito kulimbikitsa komanso, pang'ono, chilango choipa.

Ubwino wa njira yophunzitsira agalu

Monga mukuonera, mkati mwa chimango cha opareshoni njira, galu palokha ndi chapakati ndi yogwira kugwirizana kuphunzira. Pophunzitsa ndi njirayi, galu ali ndi mwayi wopeza mfundo, kuwongolera zinthu ndikuwongolera. "Bonasi" yofunikira kwambiri mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzitsira yogwira ntchito ndi "zotsatira": agalu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azichita nawo maphunzirowa amakhala otanganidwa, odzidalira (amadziwa kuti pamapeto pake amapambana, amalamulira. dziko, iwo akhoza kusuntha mapiri ndi kubweza mitsinje kumbuyo), iwo awonjezera kudziletsa ndi kuthekera kugwira ntchito m'mikhalidwe yokhumudwitsa. Akudziwa: ngakhale sizikuyenda pano, zili bwino, khalani bata ndi kupitiriza kuchita - yesetsani, ndipo mudzalandira mphotho! Luso lomwe limayendetsedwa ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito limakonda kukhazikika mwachangu kuposa luso lomwe limapangidwa ndi njira yamakina. Ndi zomwe ziwerengero zimanena. Tsopano ndimangogwira ntchito ndi njira zofewa, koma galu wanga wakale adaphunzitsidwa ndi kusiyanitsa (njira ya karoti ndi ndodo) ndi zimango. Ndipo kunena zoona, zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti kulimbikitsana kwabwino, pamene timalimbikitsa mwakhama khalidwe labwino ndikunyalanyaza (ndikuyesera kupewa) zolakwika, zimapereka zotsatira zokhazikika mochedwa kuposa njira yamakina. Koma ... Ndimavota ndi manja onse kuti ndigwire ntchito ndi njira zofewa, chifukwa njira yogwiritsira ntchito si kuphunzitsa kokha, ndi njira yolumikizirana, filosofi ya ubale wathu ndi galu, yemwe ndi bwenzi lathu ndipo, nthawi zambiri, membala wathunthu. wa banja. Ndimakonda kugwira ntchito ndi galu kwautali pang'ono, koma kuti ndikhale ndi chiweto chomwe chimatuluka ndi mphamvu, malingaliro ndi nthabwala, zasunga chikoka chake. Chiweto, maubale omwe adamangidwa pa chikondi, ulemu, chikhumbo ndi chidwi chogwira ntchito ndi ine. Chiweto chomwe chimandikhulupirira kotheratu komanso chomwe chimafunitsitsa kugwira ntchito nane. Chifukwa ndi zosangalatsa komanso zosangalatsa kwa iye kugwira ntchito, ndizosangalatsa komanso zosangalatsa kwa iye kumvera.Pitirizani kuwerenga: Kupanga ngati njira yophunzitsira agalu.