Poizoni abuluzi ndi zokwawa zina ndi amphibians

Si chinsinsi kuti ndi mawu akuti nyama yapoizoni, mgwirizano woyamba umayamba ndi njoka. Zowonadi, pali ambiri padziko lapansi (mitundu yopitilira mazana anayi) njoka zapoizoni. Mwamwambo njokayi imachititsa mantha anthu ambiri. Osati madera otentha okha omwe amadzazidwa ndi njoka zapoizoni, koma ngakhale kudera la Moscow kuli njoka yapoizoni. Aliyense wamva kangapo za rattlesnake, cobra, black mamba, taipan, amene poizoni kungachititse imfa ya munthu wamkulu wathanzi. Njoka zoterozo zimakhala ndi mano akupha owirikizana, kumunsi kwake komwe kumatuluka kanjira kochokera m’chithokomiro chomwe chimatulutsa poizoni. Gland yokhayo ili patsogolo pang'ono, kumbuyo kwa maso. Ndizodabwitsa kuti mano akupha amakhala oyendayenda ndipo mumkhalidwe wodekha wa njoka amakhala opindika, ndipo pa nthawi ya kuukira amadzuka ndi kuboola nyamayo.

Sikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti si njoka zokha zomwe zili ndi poizoni. Abuluzi ena, achule ndi achule analowa nawo pakampani yoopsa. Koma pazifukwa zina sizimatchulidwa kawirikawiri m’mabuku osiyanasiyana.

Ndiye, ndi abuluzi otani omwenso sadana ndi kutulutsa zinthu zapoizoni mwa wozunzidwayo kapena wolakwa? Palibe ambiri a iwo monga njoka, koma ndi zothandiza kudziwa za iwo.

Choyamba, awa ndi mano a gila omwe amakhala ku Mexico, kumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa United States. Mitundu iwiri ndi yakupha. Mu chilengedwe yade mano Amadya mazira a mbalame ndi akamba, tizilombo, zokwawa zazing'ono, amphibians ndi nyama zoyamwitsa. Mtundu wawo ndi wowala mochenjeza: pamtundu wakuda, mawonekedwe owala alalanje, ofiira kapena achikasu mawanga.

Yadozuby ali ndi thupi looneka ngati chodzigudubuza ndi miyendo yaifupi, mchira wokhuthala wokhala ndi michere yambiri komanso mlomo wosawoneka bwino. Mofanana ndi njoka, iwo ali ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa poizoni, timadontho tomwe timapita kumano, osati kwa awiriawiri, koma angapo nthawi imodzi.

Mofanana ndi njoka zambiri, mano a gila samenyana ndi anthu (ndi nyama yaikulu kwambiri kuti idyedwe). Pokhapokha ngati chitetezo amagwiritsa ntchito poizoni wawo kwa anthu. Imfa ya kulumidwa koteroko imapezeka kokha ndi tsankho la munthu ndipo ndilosowa. Koma zikumbukiro zoipa zidzakhalapo mpaka kalekale. Izi ndi zopweteka kwambiri ndi chizungulire ndi nseru, kupuma mofulumira ndi zizindikiro zina za poizoni.

Woimira wachiwiri wapoizoni komanso chimphona chanthawi yochepa pakati pa abuluzi - komodo dragon. Ili ndiye buluzi wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi masiku ano. Amakhala pachilumba cha Komodo ndi zilumba zina zapafupi. Akazi amafika kutalika kwa mamita atatu, ndipo amuna, monga lamulo, samakula kuposa awiri. Koma malo omwe pano amatetezedwa ndi abuluzi awa ndi Jurassic Park. Buluzi wowunika amadya pafupifupi nyama iliyonse. Nsomba idzadutsa - idzadya, zovunda, makoswe - ndipo zidzakhala chakudya chake. Koma buluzi wowunika amasakanso nyama zoyamwitsa zokulirapo kuwirikiza kawiri kukula kwake (ungulates, nguluwe, njati). Ndipo machenjerero osaka ndi osavuta: amayandikira nyama zazikulu ndikuluma mwendo wake. Ndipo ndizokwanira, tsopano ndi nthawi yopumula ndikudikirira. Poizoni wa zokwawa zimenezi amalowa pabala. Amakhalanso ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa poizoni, zomwe, ngakhale kuti ndi zakale kwambiri kuposa anzawo ndi njoka, zimatulutsanso zinthu zapoizoni. Zoona, poizoni amatulutsidwa m’munsi mwa mano ndipo samatengedwa kudzera mu ngalande ya dzino, koma amasakanizidwa ndi malovu. Choncho, sangangobaya jekeseni wapoizoni akalumidwa. The poizoni odzipereka mu bala pang`onopang`ono pambuyo kulumidwa, kuwonjezera, kuteteza bala kuchira. Choncho, nthawi zambiri amaluma kangapo, koma amavulaza munthu wovulalayo. Ntchitoyo ikatha, buluzi wowunika amangotsatira nyamayo ndikudikirira kuti nyama yotopayo igwe, ndiyeno abuluzi owunika amakhala ndi phwando. Nthaŵi ndi nthawi pamakhala zochitika za imfa ndi anthu kuchokera kukulumwa kwa mbadwa ya dinosaurs.

Mitundu yambiri ya amphibians imakhalanso ndi poizoni. Zowona, siziluma kapena kuvulaza, koma utsi wawo umatulutsidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa pakhungu, ndipo mu mitundu ina ndi woopsa kwambiri. Ambiri amvapo nkhani yakuti Amwenye anapaka mafuta mivi yawo. poizoni wa chule. Achule oopsa kwambiri ndi achule a poison omwe amakhala m’nkhalango za ku South America. Onse ndi amitundu yowala, akuchenjeza za kusatetezeka kwawo. Mankhwala oopsa kwambiri amachotsedwa pakhungu la achule amtundu wa Phyllobates. Zinali kuchokera pakhungu la achule awa kuti Amwenye adatenga mafuta ngati mivi yakupha.

Close-up, salamander ndi newt zimatulutsanso zinthu zapoizoni. Moto salamander amatha kuwombera poizoni wa neurotoxic kuchokera ku tiziwalo timene timatulutsa m'mbali mwa mutu wake (parotids) kuchokera patali. Kwa anthu, sizimapha ndipo zimangotentha pang'ono. Koma nyama zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimayesa kuluma amphibians zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chotenga mlingo wakupha.

Achule ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo powombera utsi. Nthawi zambiri, utsi wa achule supha anthu ndipo umayambitsa zowawa kwakanthawi kochepa. Komabe, pali achule, poizoni amenenso ndi woopsa kwa anthu. Ndi chule, eya. Inde, palibe milandu yambiri ya imfa, koma ilipo. Kuledzera kwambiri kumatha kupezeka ngakhale pogwira achule, chifukwa poizoni wa parotids (zotupa zomwe zili m'dera la parotid) zimafalikira pakhungu lonse. Ndipo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa poizoni, munthu akhoza kufa chifukwa cha kumangidwa kwa mtima. Poizoni wa chule wa chiriquita nawonso ndi wakupha. Ndizowopsa kawiri chifukwa palibe mankhwala ochizira.

Kotero pali zinyama zambiri zodabwitsa komanso zoopsa pakati pa oimira zokwawa ndi amphibians. Munthu waphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni wa oimira ambiri kuti apindule, chifukwa cha mankhwala.

Ngati mwadzidzidzi mwaganiza zokhala ndi chokwawa chapoizoni kunyumba, ndiye kuti muyenera kuganiza kangapo ngati izi ndizovuta kwakanthawi komanso kufuna kusangalatsa mitsempha yanu, chifukwa chisankho choterocho chingathe kulephera. Ndipo mwina sikuli koyenera kuyika moyo wanu pachiwopsezo, komanso makamaka moyo wa achibale ena. Ndi nyama zakupha nthawi zonse muyenera kukhala osamala komanso osamala pogwira.

Njoka nthawi zambiri "zimathawa" kuchokera kumalo osungiramo zinthu, koma nchiyani chikuyembekezerani ngati chiweto chilinso chakupha? Kuti mulumidwe ndi njoka, pokhapokha, muyenera kukonzekera pasadakhale ndikuganiza zochita ndi njira zothandizira. Ngati mulibe ndondomeko yomveka bwino, ndiye kuti chiopsezo chimawonjezeka nthawi zambiri. Sizikudziwika bwino momwe thupi lanu lingadziwire poizoniyu, ndani angakuthandizeni komanso komwe mungapeze "mankhwala"? Choncho ndi bwino kukhala ndi seramu kunyumba ndi kulangiza onse apakhomo pamene yagona ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito.

Poyeretsa terrarium, ndi bwino kutseka njoka m'chipinda chosiyana cha terrarium. Yang'anirani mosamala zitseko, ikani maloko odalirika pa iwo.

Posunga gila-dzino, terrarium yolimba imafunika, popeza chiweto chimakhala champhamvu mokwanira. Dzino la gila liyenera kunyamulidwa pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunikira komanso kutengera kukonza koyenera kwa nyama (kuchotsa kumbuyo, kukonza pansi pamutu). Ngati nyamayo ndi yaukali, ndiye ikonzeni ndi mbedza (monga njoka). Ngakhale kuluma pang'ono kumabweretsa kupweteka kwambiri, kutupa, ndi kutuluka magazi kwambiri. Pakhoza kukhala kugunda kwa mtima mofulumira ndi kupuma, chizungulire. Ndipo ndi kuluma mwamphamvu, kumangidwa kwa mtima kumatha kuchitika.

Kulondola kumafunikanso posunga amphibians oopsa. Ayenera kutengedwa ndi magolovesi. Ngati chiweto chanu chikuwombera poizoni, ndiye kuti musaiwale kuteteza maso ndi magalasi. Anthu osadziwa sayenera kuyambitsa amphibians zotere zotengedwa ku chilengedwe. Mu oimira ofanana, amaŵetedwa kunyumba, poizoni ndi wofooka ndipo ndi otetezeka kuwasunga.