Zofukulidwa Pamwamba 10 Zazikulu Zakufukula Zakale

Archaeology ndi imodzi mwa sayansi yodabwitsa kwambiri, chifukwa imatilola kuphunzira zambiri zosadziwika (ndipo nthawi zina zomwe sitingathe kuziganizira kale) za mbiri ya anthu chifukwa cha zotsalira za chikhalidwe cha zinthu zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa pang'onopang'ono.

Katswiri wofukula m'mabwinja ndi pafupifupi wapolisi wofufuza milandu ndipo wasayansi wazamalamulo adagubuduza m'modzi. Kuchokera ku mafupa angapo ndi chidutswa chachitsulo cha dzimbiri, amatha kudziwa zomwe zidachitika pamalopo zaka mazana kapena masauzande apitawo.

Mbiri yathu yolemera imadziwonetsera yokha monyinyirika, pang'onopang'ono: nthawi zina kungopeza kwakukulu kumatengera mphamvu zambiri zamakhalidwe ndi thupi komanso nthawi yambiri. Zotsatira zake, zotsatira zake zimakhala zamtengo wapatali komanso zosangalatsa.

Pano pali 10 chabe mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zofukulidwa m’mbiri ya sayansi imeneyi.

10 Chisindikizo Chadongo cha Baruki

Chimodzi mwazinthu zaposachedwa kwambiri zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku zomwe zimatchedwa "zofukufuku za m'Baibulo" ndi chisindikizo cha Baruki ben-Neriah.

Baruki sanali kokha bwenzi ndi wothandizira wa mneneri Yeremiya (ndipo, m’mawu amakono, mlembi wake), komanso mlembi wa mbiri ya mbiri ya munthu wanzeru ameneyu.

Chisindikizocho chinapezedwa mu 1980 ndi wofukula zakale wa Israeli Nachman Avigad. Lili ndi mawu akuti “lbrkyhw bn nryhw hspr”, kutanthauza “Baruki, mwana wa Neriya, mlembi”.

Ndipo mwa njira, ndiye kuti Ayuda adalembabe osati ndi zizindikiro za Chihebri, koma ndi zilembo zamakona zofanana ndi za Foinike. Zisindikizo zotere (zokhala ngati chodzigudubuza chaching'ono chokhala ndi dzina lojambulapo ndi kuvala chingwe pakhosi) zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati siginecha ya dziko lakale, yomwe inkaikidwa pa dongo lonyowa lomwe limasindikiza mgwirizano kapena zofunikira zina. chikalata cholembedwa pazikopa.

9. Laibulale ya Nag Hammadi

Mu 1945, mlimi Mohammed Ali Samman mwangozi anapeza mndandanda wa zizindikiro zakale 12 zolembedwa pa gumbwa pafupi ndi mzinda wa Nag Hammadi (Egypt) (mapepala 13 okha omwe anatsala a codex 8), omwe adatsegula chophimba chachinsinsi chomwe chinaphimba zaka mazana oyambirira. wa Chikhristu.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale apeza kuti pali malemba 52 m'makhodi, omwe 37 anali osadziwika kale, ndipo ena onse apezeka kale m'matembenuzidwe m'zinenero zina, mawu, maumboni, ndi zina zotero.

Zolembazo zinaphatikizapo Mauthenga Abwino angapo, mbali ya bukhu la Plato lakuti “Boma”, komanso zolembedwa zomwe zimasiyana kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso chamakono chachikristu ndi zotsutsana ndi Baibulo.

Malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale, mipukutu iyi idapangidwa m'zaka za zana la XNUMX BC. komanso zobisika mwapadera ndi amonke a amonke apafupi achikhristu pambuyo poti Archbishop waku Alexandria Athanasius I the Great alamula kuti zolemba zonse zomwe sizinali ovomerezeka ziwonongeke. Tsopano zizindikirozi zimasungidwa ku Cairo Museum.

8. Mwala wa Pilato

Tonse tinamva nkhani ya kupachikidwa kwa Khristu ndipo tikudziwa amene anamuweruza kuti aphedwe mopweteka. Koma mpaka 1961 panalibe umboni wakuti Pontiyo Pilato (bwanamkubwa wa Yudeya) analipodi monga munthu wamoyo, ndipo sanapeŵedwe ndi olemba Chipangano Chatsopano.

Ndipo pomaliza, pakufukula ku Kaisareya, katswiri wofukula mabwinja wa ku Italy Antonio Frava adapeza bwalo lalikulu lathyathyathya kuseri kwa nyumba yamasewera, pomwe adawerengapo mawu achilatini akuti "Tiberium ... Pontiyo Pilato, prefecture wa Yudeya ... wodzipereka ...".

Kotero, choyamba, zinaonekeratu kuti Pilato anali munthu weniweni wa mbiri yakale, ndipo kachiwiri, kuti sanali bwanamkubwa, koma mkulu wa boma (panthawiyo, komabe, ntchito ndi ufulu wa anthu omwe anali ndi maudindo awiriwa m'zigawo za Roma. zinali pafupifupi zofanana).

Mwala wa Pilato tsopano uli ku Israel Museum ku Yerusalemu.

7. miyala ya dinosaur

Tsopano palibe amene anganene motsimikiza pamene anthu anayamba kupeza mafupa a dinosaur, koma nkhani yoyamba yolembedwa ya kupezeka kwa mabwinja akale a dinosaurs inachitika mu 1677, pamene pulofesa wa Oxford Robert Plott, yemwe adapeza chinyama chachikulu cha nyama yosadziwika, adaganiza zoyamba. kuti iyi inali mbali ya imodzi ya njovu , imene inabweretsedwa ku Britain ndi Aroma, ndipo potsirizira pake inafika pa lingaliro lakuti awa ndiwo mabwinja a wochimwa amene anamira mu Chigumula Chachikulu.

(Mwa njira, mpaka zaka za zana la XNUMX, anthu nthawi zambiri amawona mafupa a dinosaur kukhala mabwinja a zimphona za m'Baibulo, koma aku China, omwe adakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi chowonadi, adawatcha mafupa a chinjoka ndipo adawatcha machiritso) .

Popeza kuti anthu ku Europe mpaka posachedwapa anali achipembedzo kwambiri, sakanatha kuganiza kuti zolengedwa zazikulu zachilendo zotere zinalipo padziko lapansi (zomwe sizinalengedwe ndi Ambuye).

Chabwino, kale mu 1824, katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka ndi paleontologist wa ku Britain William Buckland anayamba kufotokoza ndi kutchula mitundu ya dinosaur yomwe adapeza - megalosaurus (ndiko kuti, "buluzi wamkulu"). Mawu akuti "dinosaur" adawonekera kokha mu 1842.

6. Pompeii

Potchulidwa dzina la "Pompeii", wina adzakumbukira nthawi yomweyo chojambula chodziwika bwino cha Karl Bryullov "Tsiku Lomaliza la Pompeii", wina - filimu yaposachedwa "Pompeii" ndi Kit Harington.

Mulimonsemo, pafupifupi aliyense anamva za mzinda uno, womwe unawonongedwa ndi Vesuvius kumapeto kwa October 79 AD (koma si aliyense amene akudziwa kuti mizinda iwiri ina inafa pamodzi ndi Pompeii - Herculaneum ndi Stabiae).

Anapezeka mwangozi: mu 1689, ogwira ntchito akukumba chitsime anapunthwa pa mabwinja a nyumba yakale, yomwe pakhoma pake panali mawu akuti "Pompeii". Koma amangoganiza kuti iyi inali imodzi mwa nyumba za Pompey Wamkulu.

Ndipo kokha mu 1748, kukumba kunayamba pamalo ano, ndipo mtsogoleri wawo anali injiniya wankhondo RJ Alcubierre ankaganiza kuti wapeza Stabiae. Anangochita chidwi ndi zinthu zomwe zinali ndi luso lazojambula, iye anangowononga ena onse (mpaka akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale adakwiya ndi izi).

Mu 1763, potsirizira pake zinadziwika kuti mzinda womwe unapezeka sunali Stabiae, koma Pompeii, ndipo mu 1870, wofukula zakale Giuseppe Fiorelli anaganiza zodzaza ndi pulasitala zotsalira zomwe zinasiyidwa m'malo mwa akufa ndikukutidwa ndi phulusa la anthu. nyama zoweta, motero amapeza imfa yawo yeniyeni.

Mpaka pano, Pompeii yafukulidwa pafupifupi 75-80%.

5. Nyanja Yakufa

Ndipo chimodzi chinanso chochokera m'mabwinja a "Baibulo", omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa asayansi omwe amaphunzira chiyambi ndi ziphunzitso za zipembedzo za dziko (pankhaniyi, Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu choyambirira).

972, zolembedwa makamaka pazikopa (ndipo zina pa gumbwa), zinapezedwa mwangozi ndi mbusa wamba m’mapanga a Qumran m’chigawo cha Nyanja Yakufa. Mbali yaikulu ya izo inali yosindikizidwa kuti ikhale yotetezeka m'zombo za ceramic.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mipukutu yamtengo wapatali imeneyi inapezeka mu 1947, koma imapezekabe nthawi ndi nthawi. Nthawi ya kulengedwa kwawo ndi pafupifupi 250 BC. isanafike 68 AD

Zolembazo zimasiyana ndi zomwe zili: pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a iwo ndi malemba a m'Baibulo, pamene ena ndi apocrypha (mafotokozedwe osakhala ovomerezeka a mbiri yopatulika), zolemba za olemba osadziwika achipembedzo, zosonkhanitsa za malamulo achiyuda ndi malamulo a moyo ndi khalidwe la anthu ammudzi, ndi zina zotero. .

M’chaka cha 2011, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya Israel Museum inaika zambiri mwazolembazo pakompyuta (mothandizidwa ndi Google) n’kuziika pa Intaneti.

4. Manda a Tutankhamun

Dzina lakuti "Tutankhamun" limadziwikanso kwambiri. Anapezeka mu 1922 mu Chigwa cha Mafumu m'chigawo cha Luxor, manda a chipinda cha 4 cha farao wamng'ono kwambiri, yemwe adabedwa kawiri m'nthawi zakale, koma adasunga zinthu zambiri zamtengo wapatali, adakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe adazipeza osati mu gawo la Egyptology, komanso padziko lonse lapansi ofukula zinthu zakale .

Zinali ndi zodzikongoletsera zambiri, zinthu zapakhomo, ndipo, ndithudi, zinthu zamwambo zomwe zinatsagana ndi Farao ku "dziko labwino".

Koma chuma chachikulu chinali sarcophagus ya Tutankhamen, momwe amayi ake adasungidwa bwino. Katswiri wofukula zinthu zakale ndi Egyptologist Howard Carter ndi George Carnarvon, mbuye wa ku Britain ndi wosonkhanitsa omwe adasonkhanitsa zakale, adapeza manda awa.

Mwa njira, chifukwa cha mikangano ya kumene mfundo zopezeka ziyenera kusungidwa - ku Egypt komweko kapena ku Britain (dziko la otulukira), ubale pakati pa mayiko awiriwa unatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka, ndipo Carter anali pafupi kuthamangitsidwa ku Egypt kwamuyaya.

3. Phanga la Altamira

Pali mapanga ambiri m'chigawo cha Spain cha Cantabria, ndipo chifukwa chake, mu 1868 mlenje Modest Cubillas Peras adapeza ina pafupi ndi tawuni ya Santillana del Mar (khomo lake linali pafupifupi litakutidwa ndi kugumuka), palibe amene adalumikiza zambiri. kufunika kwa izi.

Koma mu 1879, Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, katswiri wofukula zinthu zakale wa m’deralo, anaganiza zokaphunzira. Mwana wake wamkazi wazaka 9 Maria anali naye ndipo, malinga ndi Baibulo lina, anali iye amene anakopa chidwi cha abambo ake ku zithunzi zokongola za polychrome zapadenga la phanga, akufuula kuti “Adadi, ng’ombe zamphongo!”

Zinapezeka kuti njati, akavalo, nguluwe, etc. chithunzi pa makoma ndi m'chipinda chapansi pa phanga Altamira ndi zaka 15 mpaka 37, ndipo iwo ndi a Upper Paleolithic nyengo. "Ng'ombe zamphongo" zinali zojambulidwa ndi makala, ocher ndi mitundu ina yachilengedwe.

Kwa nthawi yaitali, akatswiri ena ofukula zinthu zakale a ku Spain anayesa kutsimikizira kuti Sautuola anali wachinyengo. Palibe amene akanakhulupirira kuti anthu akale ankatha kujambula nyama mwaluso chonchi.

Altamira wakhala malo a UNESCO World Heritage Site kuyambira 1985.

2. mwala wa rosetta

Mu 1799, pafupi ndi tauni ya Rosetta ku Egypt (tsopano Rashid) anapeza mwala mwala, pamwamba pake anali ndi malemba m'zinenero zitatu.

Zinapezeka ndi kapitawo wa asitikali aku France (kumbukirani kampeni yaku Egypt ya Napoleon I) Pierre-Francois Bouchard, yemwe adatsogolera ntchito yomanga Fort Saint-Julien mumtsinje wa Nile.

Pokhala munthu wophunzira, Bouchard anayamikira kufunika kwa zomwe anapezazo ndipo anazitumiza ku Cairo, ku Institute of Egypt (yotsegulidwa ndi lamulo la Napoleon chaka chimodzi chapitacho). Kumeneko, mwalawo unaphunziridwa ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ndi akatswiri a zinenero, omwe adapeza kuti zolembazo, zopangidwa m'chinenero cha ku Aigupto (ndipo zinapangidwa mu hieroglyphs), m'munsimu - m'malemba a Demotic, ndipo ngakhale pansi - mu Chigiriki chakale. kwa Ptolemy V Epiphanes ndipo adapangidwa ndi ansembe aku Egypt mu 196 BC AD

Popeza tanthauzo la zidutswa zonse zitatu linali lofanana, munali Mwala wa Rosetta umene unakhala poyambira kulemba zilembo zakale za ku Iguputo (pogwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kwawo koyamba ndi mawu achigiriki akale).

Ndipo ngakhale kuti mbali chabe ya stele yokhala ndi hieroglyphs idawonongeka kwambiri, asayansi adakwanitsa kuchita bwino. Rosetta Stone tsopano ili mu British Museum.

1. Olduvai Gorge

Olduvai Gorge (msewu wamakilomita 40 womwe ukuyenda m'mphepete mwa zigwa za Serengeti ku Tanzania, makilomita 20 kuchokera ku Ngorongoro Crater) ndi malo omwe kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale otchuka Louis ndi Mary Leakey anapeza mafupa a munthu wamakono - "munthu wothandiza" (homo habilis), komanso zotsalira za mtundu wakale wa nyani wamkulu (Australopithecine) ndi Pithecanthropus pambuyo pake.

Zaka zotsalira zakale kwambiri zidadutsa zaka 4 miliyoni. N’chifukwa chake Olduvai amaonedwa kuti ndi pafupifupi “kubadwa kwa anthu.” Mwa njira, mu 1976, kuno ku Olduvai, Mary Leakey ndi Peter Jones anapeza mapazi otchuka omwe amatsimikizira kuti makolo athu anayenda molunjika kale zaka 3,8 miliyoni zapitazo.

Zambiri mwazopezazi tsopano zikusungidwa mu Olduvai Goj Museum of Anthropology and Human Evolution, yomwe idatsegulidwa mu 1970 pamaziko a Mary Leakey's own Ngorongoro Conservation Area.