Kodi maunyolo a chakudya m'nkhalango zosiyanasiyana ndi chiyani: kufotokozera ndi zitsanzo

Chakudya ndicho kusamutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku gwero lake kudzera mumagulu angapo a zamoyo. Zamoyo zonse zimalumikizidwa, chifukwa zimakhala ngati chakudya cha zamoyo zina. Zakudya zonse zimakhala ndi maulalo atatu kapena asanu. Zoyambazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala opanga - zamoyo zomwe zimatha kupanga zinthu zachilengedwe kuchokera kuzinthu zopanda pake. Izi ndi zomera zomwe zimapeza chakudya kudzera mu photosynthesis. Kenako amabwera ogula - awa ndi zamoyo za heterotrophic zomwe zimalandira zinthu zopangidwa kale. Izi zidzakhala nyama: zodyera herbivores ndi carnivores. Ulalo wotseka wa unyolo wa chakudya nthawi zambiri umakhala wowola - tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timawola zinthu zamoyo.

Chakudya sichingakhale ndi maulalo asanu ndi limodzi kapena kuposerapo, popeza ulalo uliwonse watsopano umalandira 10% yokha ya mphamvu ya ulalo wapitawo, wina 90% amatayika ngati kutentha.

Kodi maunyolo a chakudya ndi chiyani?

Pali mitundu iwiri: msipu ndi detritus. Zakale ndizofala kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Mu maunyolo oterowo, cholumikizira choyamba nthawi zonse chimakhala opanga (zomera). Amatsatiridwa ndi ogula a dongosolo loyamba - nyama za herbivorous. Chotsatira - ogula a dongosolo lachiwiri - adani ang'onoang'ono. Kumbuyo kwawo kuli ogula a dongosolo lachitatu - zilombo zazikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, pangakhalenso ogula amtundu wachinayi, maunyolo aatali oterowo amapezeka m'nyanja. Ulalo womaliza ndi wowola.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa mabwalo amagetsi - detritus - zofala kwambiri m'nkhalango ndi m'masavannah. Iwo amawuka chifukwa chakuti ambiri a zomera mphamvu si kudyedwa ndi herbivorous zamoyo, koma amafa, ndiye decomposed ndi decomposer ndi mineralized.

Chakudya chamtundu uwu chimayambira ku detritus - zotsalira za zomera ndi zinyama. Ogula koyamba m'maketani a zakudya zotere ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monga afisi, mimbulu, miimba. Kuonjezera apo, mabakiteriya omwe amadya zotsalira za zomera akhoza kukhala ogula oyamba mu maunyolo oterowo.

Mu biogeocenoses, chilichonse chimalumikizidwa mwanjira yakuti mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo imatha kukhala otenga nawo mbali mumitundu yonse iwiri ya unyolo wazakudya.

Chakudya m'nkhalango zophukira ndi zosakanizika

Nkhalango zodula zimagawidwa kwambiri ku Northern Hemisphere ya dziko lapansi. Amapezeka ku Western ndi Central Europe, ku Southern Scandinavia, ku Urals, ku Western Siberia, East Asia, North Florida.

Nkhalango zodula zimagawidwa m'magulu a masamba otakata ndi ang'onoang'ono. Zakale zimadziwika ndi mitengo monga oak, linden, phulusa, maple, elm. Kwa kabichi - birch, alder, aspen.

Nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zomwe mitengo ya coniferous ndi yophukira imamera. Nkhalango zosakanizika ndizomwe zimakhala za nyengo yotentha. Amapezeka kum'mwera kwa Scandinavia, ku Caucasus, ku Carpathians, ku Far East, ku Siberia, ku California, ku Appalachians, pafupi ndi Nyanja Yaikulu.

Nkhalango zosakanikirana zimakhala ndi mitengo monga spruce, pine, oak, linden, mapulo, elm, apulo, fir, beech, hornbeam.

Zofala kwambiri m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zosakanizika unyolo wa chakudya chamsipu. Ulalo woyamba muzakudya m'nkhalango nthawi zambiri amakhala mitundu yambiri ya zitsamba, zipatso monga raspberries, blueberries, sitiroberi. elderberry, makungwa a mtengo, mtedza, cones.

Ogula koyamba nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama zakutchire monga nswala, mbawala, nswala, makoswe mwachitsanzo, agologolo, mbewa, akalulu, akalulu.

Ogula mu dongosolo lachiwiri ndi adani. Kawirikawiri ndi nkhandwe, nkhandwe, weasel, ermine, lynx, owl ndi ena. Chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha chakuti mtundu womwewo umatenga nawo mbali m'malo odyetserako ziweto komanso unyolo wowononga chakudya udzakhala nkhandwe: imatha kusaka nyama zazing'ono ndikudya zovunda.

Ogula achiwiri amathanso kukhala nyama zodya nyama zazikulu, makamaka mbalame: mwachitsanzo, akadzidzi ang'onoang'ono amatha kudyedwa ndi akalulu.

Ulalo wotseka udzakhala owononga (mabakiteriya owopsa).

Zitsanzo za maunyolo azakudya m'nkhalango ya mitengo yobiriwira:

• makungwa a birch - kalulu - nkhandwe - zowonongeka;
• nkhuni - mphutsi za Maybug - nkhuni - hawk - zowonongeka;
• zinyalala za masamba (detritus) - nyongolotsi - shrews - owl - zowola.

Makhalidwe a maunyolo a chakudya m'nkhalango za coniferous

Nkhalango zoterezi zili kumpoto kwa Eurasia ndi North America. Amakhala ndi mitengo monga paini, spruce, fir, mkungudza, larch ndi ena.

Apa chirichonse chiri chosiyana kwambiri ndi nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zodula.

Ulalo woyamba pankhaniyi sudzakhala udzu, koma moss, zitsamba kapena lichens. Izi ndichifukwa choti m'nkhalango za coniferous mulibe kuwala kokwanira kuti pakhale udzu wandiweyani.

Chifukwa chake, nyama zomwe zidzakhale ogula koyamba zidzakhala zosiyana - siziyenera kudya udzu, koma moss, lichens kapena zitsamba. Zitha kukhala mitundu ina ya nswala.

Ngakhale kuti zitsamba ndi mosses ndizofala kwambiri, zomera za herbaceous ndi zitsamba zimapezekabe m'nkhalango za coniferous. Izi ndi nettle, celandine, sitiroberi, elderberry. Akalulu, mphalapala, agologolo nthawi zambiri amadya zakudya zotere, zomwe zimatha kukhala ogula oyamba.

Ogula dongosolo lachiwiri adzakhala, ngati nkhalango zosakanizika, zilombo. Izi ndi mink, chimbalangondo, wolverine, lynx ndi ena.

Zilombo zazing'ono monga mink zimatha kukhala nyama ogula dongosolo lachitatu.

Ulalo wotseka udzakhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Kuphatikiza apo, m'nkhalango za coniferous ndizofala kwambiri zowononga chakudya unyolo. Apa, ulalo woyamba nthawi zambiri umakhala humus, womwe umadyetsedwa ndi mabakiteriya am'nthaka, kukhala chakudya cha nyama zomwe zimadyedwa ndi bowa. Unyolo wotere umakhala wautali ndipo ukhoza kukhala ndi maulalo oposa asanu.

Zitsanzo za maunyolo a chakudya m'nkhalango ya coniferous:

• pine mtedza - gologolo - mink - decomposers;
• zomera humus (detritus) - mabakiteriya - protozoa - bowa - chimbalangondo - decomposers.