Kutsekula m'mimba mwa galu - zimayambitsa komanso zoyenera kuchita ndi kutsekula m'mimba?

Zomwe zimayambitsa chimbudzi cha agalu

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa momwe agalu ndi anthu amagayirira chakudya.

Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a nsagwada ndi malovu a munthu amayamba kuswa chakudya chomwe chili mkamwa. Agalu ali ndi pakamwa ndi nsagwada zomwe zimapangidwira kung'amba ndi kuphwanya chakudya. Ma enzymes awo amawononga mabakiteriya.

Chakudya chimayenda mofulumira kummero wa galuyo ndi kulowa m’mimba m’timagulumagulu tating’ono ting’ono, kumene kagayidwe kambiri kamagaya kagayidwe ka chakudya kamakhalako. Nthawi yabwino, nthawi yosuntha chakudya kuchokera mkamwa kudzera m'matumbo aang'ono ndi aakulu ayenera kukhala osachepera maola 10. Zotsatira zake, ndowe zowuma zimapangidwa.

Zoyambitsa zambiri zimatha kusokoneza dongosolo lokhazikikali, ndikuyambitsa kutsekula m'mimba mwa galu.

Zinyalala toxicosis ndi poizoni

Chomwe chimayambitsa matenda otsekula m'mimba ndi chakuti galu anatola chinachake, kuchikoka, wina anachidyetsa patebulo. Kutsekula m'mimba kumayamba mwadzidzidzi, chopondapo sichimasintha mtundu wake, kusasinthasintha kumafanana ndi phala. M'mimba mumalira, ndipo galu amakhala ndi chimbudzi chosalekeza - tenesmus.

Sinthani zakudya

Ngakhale zakudya zapamwamba kwambiri zimatha kuyambitsa nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa kwa m'mimba zikasinthidwa mwadzidzidzi. Chabwino, chakudya chopanda thanzi komanso kusintha koyenera kungayambitse matenda otsekula m'mimba. Monga lamulo, chopondapo chimakhala chofiirira, cholimba kwambiri. Galu alibe madandaulo ena.

Kusalolera kwa chakudya ndi ziwengo

Matumbo sangakhale ndi ma enzyme okwanira kuti agaye mtundu wina wa chakudya (mapuloteni, mwachitsanzo), ndipo chifukwa cha izi, nyamayo imayamba kutsekula m'mimba. Kapena chiweto chimakhala ndi zotsutsana ndi zigawo za chakudya, ndipo thupi limayankha izi ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zomwe zingakhale kutsekula m'mimba.

nsikidzi

Nyongolotsi, Giardia, Trichomonas, Cryptosporidium ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kukhala m'matumbo ndikusokoneza ntchito yake. Tsoka ilo, si aliyense amene angathe kuchotsa mphutsi ndi mapiritsi, choncho nthawi zambiri agalu amakhalabe onyamula awo kwa nthawi yaitali.

Matenda a ma virus ndi mabakiteriya

Ma virus ndi mabakiteriya amathanso kupatsira makoma ndi villi m'matumbo. Izi zimawonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka, ndiko kuti, kutsekula m'mimba, kutsekula m'mimba, kutentha thupi, kutaya madzi m'thupi ndi zizindikiro zina zosasangalatsa. Nthawi zambiri agalu aang'ono ndi ana amatha kufa ndi matenda otere, mwachitsanzo, parvovirus enteritis.

Thupi lachilendo

Ngati chiweto chikumeza chinthu chachilendo, ndipo chimatuluka m'mimba ndikukakamira m'matumbo, ndiye kuti mavuto omwe ali ndi chopondapo sangapewedwe: kutsekula m'mimba ndi madzi amagazi, m'mimba yowawa kwambiri komanso kukula msanga kwa zizindikiro.

kupanikizika

Agalu ena amamva kupsinjika maganizo ndi kutsekula m'mimba. Kudula zikhadabo, kusowa kwa mwiniwake, chidolecho chimatayika - chilichonse chaching'ono chomwe chimasokoneza chiwetocho chingayambitse zotayirira.

Kumwa mankhwala

Mankhwala ena angayambitse kutsekula m'mimba monga zotsatira zake. Zambiri za izi zitha kupezeka mu malangizo. Matumbo ndi chiwalo chimene amapangira ndowe. Ichi ndi gawo lokha la dongosolo logwirizana bwino la m'mimba, kumene onse amadalirana. Choncho, ngati pali kulephera mu chiwalo chilichonse chomwe chimayambitsa chimbudzi cha chakudya, vuto la chopondapo likhoza kuchitika.

Oncology

Khansara ya m'matumbo ndi yosowa kwambiri mwa agalu poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimayambitsa. Mtundu wodziwika kwambiri ndi lymphoma. Matendawa akuwonetseredwa ndi indigestion, pafupipafupi relapses ndi ofooka mphamvu pa mankhwala.

Zizindikiro zowonjezera

Kutsekula m'mimba mwa galu sikumachitika kokha kokha, nthawi zambiri kumatsagana ndi zizindikiro zina zomwe zimakulitsa vutoli ndipo zimafuna kuwongolera. Ndikofunika kuzindikira zizindikirozi, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amatha kuthandiza dokotala kuti adziwe matenda pamene akusonkhanitsa zambiri za matendawa.

Kutsekula kwa galu ndi kusanza

Kutsekula m'mimba ndi kusanza kwa galu ndi nthawi yolandira chithandizo chamankhwala mwamsanga. Izi zikusonyeza chitukuko cha pathological njira m`mimba ndi matumbo pa nthawi yomweyo. Kumene, kusanza limodzi sikutanthauza kuti muyenera kulira alamu, koma ndi kusanza mobwerezabwereza chakudya, thovu, chikasu, mukhoza kulankhula za zotheka chitukuko cha tizilombo ndi mabakiteriya matenda, poizoni, kapena kukhalapo kwa thupi lachilendo. .

magazi

Magazi omwe ali mu chopondapo akhoza kuphikidwa mopitirira muyeso ndi kukhala akuda. Kapena mwinamwake mwatsopano - madontho a magazi ofiira kumapeto kwa matumbo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti matumbo akulu atupa. Magazi amatsagana ndi colitis yonse yomwe imayamba chifukwa cha nkhawa yazakudya kapena kuukira kwa parasitic. Ndi zizindikiro zotere, muyenera kufunsa dokotala nthawi yomweyo.

Kutsekula m'mimba ndi ntchofu mwagalu

Galu akamatsekula m'mimba ndi ntchofu, muyenera kulabadira mkhalidwe wa matumbo akulu. Mucus amapangidwa kuti azipaka matumbo ndi kusuntha ndowe, kotero kupezeka kwake mu chopondapo kumakhala kosiyana ndi momwe zimakhalira. Komabe, ngati galu ali ndi chimbudzi chotayirira ndi ntchofu, izi zingasonyezenso kukhalapo kwa nyongolotsi, Giardia, kapena kudyetsa chakudya chochepa.

Kutsekula m'mimba kwa mtundu wachilendo

Mtundu ukhoza kufotokoza zambiri za zomwe zikuchitika mkati mwa matumbo a galu wanu. Chokoleti bulauni ndi wabwinobwino, pamene kutsekula m'mimba lalanje, kutsekula m'mimba kwachikasu, kutsekula m'mimba kobiriwira, kapena imvi kungasonyeze vuto la chiwindi, ndulu, kapena kapamba. Chimbudzi chakuda chakuda mu galu ndi chizindikiro choopsa kwambiri ndipo chingasonyeze kukha mwazi mkati.

Kutsekula m'mimba kwachikasu. Nthawi zambiri, ndi chitukuko cha kutupa njira mu intestine yaing'ono ndi kuchuluka peristalsis mu gawo ili, galu amayamba kukhala chikasu m'mimba. Chopondapo chimapangidwa ndi bilirubin (gawo la bulauni la bile) lomwe limapangidwa m'chiwindi. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, imasweka ndikuwononga ndowe zofiirira. Matenda a chiwindi owopsa angayambitsenso zimbudzi zamitundu yowala.

Kutsegula m'mimba. Zitha kuchitika pazifukwa zofanana ndi zachikasu, komanso kudya zakudya zamafuta kwambiri nthawi zonse.

Kutsekula m'mimba kobiriwira. Kutsekula m'mimba mwa agalu kumayambitsanso bilirubin. Ngati putrefactive microflora ikukhala m'matumbo, ndiye kuti bilirubin imapangidwa ndi okosijeni kukhala biliverdin (green bile pigment) ndikukhala wobiriwira, ndikukongoletsa ndowe zobiriwira.

Kutsekula m'mimba. Ngati galu wanu akutsekula m'mimba, muyenera kufunsa dokotala nthawi yomweyo. Chopondapo chakuda chimasonyeza kuti chili ndi magazi ogayidwa. Ndi chitukuko cha magazi chapamwamba m`mimba thirakiti (m`mimba, matumbo aang'ono), magazi amadutsa pafupifupi njira yonse ya matumbo ndipo pang`ono digested. Zotsatira zake, sitiziwona mu ndowe zofiira, koma timawona ndowe zakuda, kapena, monga momwe zimatchulidwira m'chinenero cha veterinarians, melena.

Kutsegula m'mimba koyera ndi imvi. Pamwambapa, tazindikira kale kuti bilirubin imapereka mtundu wamba ku ndowe. Ngati ma ducts a bile atsekedwa (ndi mwala, chotupa, kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda), ndiye kuti mtundu wa chopondapo umasanduka woyera. Kapena ngati galu adya zakudya zamafuta, mafutawo sagayidwa ndipo amatuluka m’ndowe.

Ndipo, ndithudi, chakudya chingasinthe mtundu wa ndowe: beets utoto wofiira, kaloti lalanje, choko ndi fupa chakudya woyera ndi imvi.

Kutentha kumawonjezeka

Kutsekula m'mimba, monga lamulo, kumayenderana ndi chitukuko cha kutupa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chiweto chikhoza kukhala ndi malungo. Matenda a mavairasi nthawi zonse amatsagana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha ndipo, pakalibe chithandizo cholondola, dontho lake lakuthwa.

Kupweteka kwa m'mimba ndi flatulence

Mapangidwe a gasi ochulukirapo, ma spasms amayambitsa kupweteka kwam'mimba ndi kutupa. Zizindikirozi nthawi zambiri zimatsagana ndi poyizoni, kudya matupi achilendo, ndi matenda otalikirapo. Galu amakana kuyenda, amalira, amatenga mokakamiza. Mawonetseredwe a flatus ndi osapeweka (farts).

Kukana kudya

Zina mwa zizindikiro zowonjezera kapena zomwe zimayambitsa kutsekula m'mimba zingakhudze chilakolako chanu. Kukana kudya ndi chifukwa chabwino chofunira chithandizo chamankhwala mwachangu.

Kodi kupereka galu kutsekula m'mimba?

Kutsekula m'mimba kungayambitse kutaya madzi m'thupi, choncho onetsetsani kuti mumapatsa chiweto chanu madzi nthawi zonse.

Kunyumba, galu wotsekula m'mimba atha kupatsidwa mankhwalawa:

• Probioticszomwe zimathandizira kugaya chakudya.

• Mankhwala a OTC a anthu Zitha kukhala zothandiza pakutsekula m'mimba koma ziyenera kuperekedwa mosamala. Ndipo nthawi zonse muyenera kukaonana ndi veterinarian musanagwiritse ntchito. Mankhwalawa ndi awa: Smecta kapena Polysorb (kuchepetsa malinga ndi malangizo ndi kumwa 1,0 ml aliyense), Mebeverine (7 mg/kg 2 pa tsiku), Loperamide (1 kapisozi pa 20 kg, osaposa kamodzi). Nthawi zambiri madokotala amayesa kuyesa Smecta kapena Polysorb ndipo, ngati sakuthandizira, pita ku wina. Perekani mankhwala mkati, pakamwa. Ndikuuzani zambiri za iwo pambuyo pake.

• Madzi ampunga. Wiritsani mpunga m'madzi ambiri, chotsani njere ndikupatseni galu msuzi woyera womwe watsalira.

• Mpunga woyera wopanda kanthu.

• Dzungu zothandiza m'mimba komanso kudzimbidwa. Ngati mulibe dzungu, ufa wa dzungu womwe umapangidwira makamaka ziweto ndi njira ina yabwino.

• Zosavuta mapuloteni monga dzira or nkhuku (wopanda khungu).

• Zitsamba, monga fennel, ikhoza kukhala ndi katundu wotsitsimula m'matumbo.

• Chakudya cha galu chopangidwa mwapadera: Opanga ena amapereka zakudya zokonzedwa kale zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa matumbo.

Njira zomwe zimagwira galu mmodzi sizingagwire ntchito kwa wina, kotero mungafunike kuyesa kuti mupeze chithandizo choyenera.

Diagnostics

Mtundu, mawonekedwe, ndi kusasinthasintha kwa chopondapo zidzakuthandizani inu ndi veterinarian wanu kudziwa chomwe chiri cholakwika pamene galu wanu akutsekula m'mimba.

Monga zonyansa momwe zimamvekera, ndikofunika kuti muyang'ane kwambiri ndowe za chiweto chanu ngati zikutsegula m'mimba kuti muthe kuuza veterinarian wanu zambiri momwe mungathere. Takambirana pamwambapa kuti mtundu wa kutsekula m'mimba ukhoza kuwonetsa ma pathologies angapo, mwachitsanzo, kutsekula m'mimba kwakuda kumafunadi kuvomerezedwa mwachangu. Pokhala ndi chidziwitso ichi, veterinarian adzatha kukuuzani ngati mungakonzekere nthawi yokumana ndi kufufuza, kapena ngati mungathandizidwe kunyumba.

Kuti mudziwe chomwe chimayambitsa kutsekula m'mimba, m'pofunika kuyesa ma labotale ndikuwona matenda.

Choyamba, kufufuza kwa ultrasound kwa ziwalo za m'mimba kumachitika, kumakupatsani mwayi wodziwa kuti ndi gawo liti la kutupa kwa matumbo, ndipo nthawi zina chifukwa chake - mwachitsanzo, thupi lachilendo, helminths ndi zotupa zimawonekera nthawi zambiri. Nthawi zina x-ray ingafunike ngati chidziwitso chowonjezera chowonekera.

Mayesero a magazi - zachipatala ndi zam'magazi - adzayesa kuchuluka kwa kutupa, mphamvu zogwirira ntchito za ziwalo, komanso ngati pali zizindikiro za kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi ndi njala ya mapuloteni, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa cha kutaya kwa zakudya muzitsulo zotayirira.

Ngati mukukayikira kuti muli ndi kachilomboka, muyenera kupereka ndowe kapena magazi a ma virus.

Ngati kukhalapo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (helminths kapena protozoa) kumayembekezeredwa, m'pofunika kudutsa ndowe muzitsulo zapadera, zimasonkhanitsidwa kwa masiku angapo mu gawo laling'ono kuchokera ku matumbo aliwonse, ndiyeno wothandizira labotale amayang'ana mazira a helminth. yankho ili.

Pali mayeso enieni omwe amakulolani kuti muwone momwe ziwalo zina zimagwirira ntchito, chifukwa cha matenda omwe pangakhale kusintha kwa chopondapo - mwachitsanzo, ndi exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, ndowe zimakhala zoyera, ndipo kuti izi zitheke. Kuzindikira, ndikofunikira kudutsa ndowe kuti mudziwe ma pancreatic enzymes. Awa ndi maphunziro osakhala achizolowezi, ndipo amalembedwa ndi dokotala mosamalitsa pambuyo pa kufufuza kwakukulu - ultrasound ndi kuyesa magazi.

Gawo lomaliza la matenda a matumbo ndi endoscopy ndi colonoscopy - kufufuza ziwalo za m'mimba mothandizidwa ndi kamera. Kamera (endosko) ikhoza kulowetsedwa m'matumbo kapena m'mimba, poyang'ana ziwalo zonse kunja ndi mkati. Pamodzi ndi kamera, dokotalayo amatha kuwonetsa makina kuti atenge zinthu zowunikira histological kapena cytological pakhoma lamatumbo. Pa endoscopy, dokotala wa opaleshoni amachotsa kachigawo kakang'ono ka matumbo ndikuwunika minofu ndi maselo mu labotale kuti adziwe kupezeka ndi mtundu wa zotupa.

Chithandizo cha chimbudzi chotayirira mwa agalu

Kutsekula m'mimba mwa galu kumathandizidwa potengera zomwe zimayambitsa komanso momwe vutolo lilili. Monga ulamuliro, mankhwala lagawidwa magawo awiri: symptomatic mankhwala, amene amakonza chopondapo ndi kusiya tenesmus, ndi mankhwala umalimbana kuthetsa chifukwa. Ndipo kutsekula m'mimba ndi tenesmus ndi mkhalidwe umene galu amapita kuchimbudzi mobwerezabwereza m'kanthawi kochepa m'njira yamadzimadzi, ndipo nthawi zina kutuluka kwa matumbo kumakhala kosathandiza. Ndi kutsekula m'mimba popanda tenesmus, chiweto chimakhetsa 1-2 pa tsiku monga mwachizolowezi, koma chopondapo sichimapangidwa.

Pofuna kukonza chopondapo, mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri - Smektu ndi Polysorb sorbents.

Kuti athetse ululu ndi chilakolako chofuna kudzipha pafupipafupi, antispasmodics amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa minofu yosalala ya matumbo - Mebeverine kapena Trimebutine. Kuti mukonze chopondapo mwachangu, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a Loperamide, koma muyenera kusamala nawo, osavomerezeka kuti mutenge kangapo. Loperamide imachepetsa kamvekedwe ndi kusuntha kwa matumbo, koma kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali kumatha kukulitsa matendawa.

Kuti muchepetse zovuta, gwiritsani ntchito:

• Ndi helminthic invasion ndi Giardia - achire deworming ziwembu ndi kukonzekera munali fenbendazole moyang'aniridwa ndi dokotala.

• Ngati chifukwa ndi mavairasi kapena mabakiteriya matenda, mankhwala ndi ochuluka kwambiri: mankhwala, antipyretics, nthawi zambiri amafuna ntchito kudontha kuletsa madzi m`thupi.

• Kusagwirizana ndi zakudya komanso kusalolera zakudya kumafunikira kuwongolera zakudya komanso zakudya zapadera - mwachitsanzo,

• Ndi kupsinjika kwa chakudya, ndikokwanira kuthetsa zizindikiro ndikupatula kudya zinyalala za chakudya.

• Pankhani ya poyizoni, chithandizo chamankhwala chimadalira poizoni - chikhoza kukhala mankhwala (antidote) ndi symptomatic therapy, kapena zizindikiro ngati palibe mankhwala. Monga lamulo, kumaphatikizapo kuyang'anitsitsa kwapamwamba kwa thupi, kulowetsedwa kochuluka kwa mtsempha ndi sorbents.

• Ngati chifukwa cha kutsekula m'mimba ndi thupi lachilendo, ndiye kuti liyenera kuchotsedwa, opaleshoni kapena endoscopically (pogwiritsa ntchito kamera yomwe imalowetsedwa m'mimba kudzera m'kamwa ndi manipulator omwe akugwira thupi lachilendo).

• Mankhwala omwe amayambitsa zovuta monga kutsekula m'mimba safuna chithandizo chapadera - ndikofunikira kusiya mankhwalawa ndikuyamba kumwa antispasmodics ndi sorbents.

• Neoplasia ndi amodzi mwa matenda ovuta kwambiri kuchiza. Njira yake yochiritsira ingaphatikizepo: kuchotsa chotupacho, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, ndi symptomatic therapy kuti thupi likhalebe. Komabe, mwatsoka, khansa ikhoza kukhala yosachiritsika, ndipo nyama imafa.

Kodi kudyetsa galu ndi kutsekula m'mimba?

Zimbudzi zotayirira mwa agalu nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa cha kudyetsedwa kosayenera. Choncho, m'pofunika kuti pa nthawi ya matenda otsekula m'mimba musawonjezere vutoli mwa kupitiriza kudyetsa galu chakudya zinyalala.

Ndikofunika kuti musayese kusintha zakudya zanu kwambiri, makamaka ngati kutsekula m'mimba kwayamba kale. Ngakhale zakudya zolondola komanso zapadera zimatha kukhala nkhawa yazakudya ndikukulitsa mkhalidwe wa galuyo. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kusintha zakudya zilizonse pang'onopang'ono, kupitilira masiku 5-10.

Ngati galu wanu ali pazakudya zachilengedwe, sankhani nyama zopanda mafuta ochepa, sankhani sirloin (nkhuku, Turkey) ndi mpunga.

Ngati galu ali pa chakudya okonzeka, ndiye kusankha chakudya thirakiti m'mimba ku kampani yanu. Ambiri opanga zakudya amakhala nazo, mwachitsanzo Hill'si/d, Royal Canin Gastro Intestinal, PurinaEN, Farmina Gastrointestinal. Ngati simusintha mtundu wa chakudya, ndiye kuti mutha kupereka gawo lonse nthawi yomweyo. Ngati kampani yodyetsa isintha, kusinthaku kumachitika pang'onopang'ono.

Kupeza madzi kuyenera kukhala kosasintha. Dyetsani galu wanu pafupipafupi komanso pang'ono - 4-6 pa tsiku. Zakudya ziyenera kutsatiridwa kuyambira masiku 10 mpaka masabata 4-6, malingana ndi matenda ndi chikhalidwe cha galu.

Prevention

Kutsekula m'mimba mwa agalu ndikosavuta kupewa kuposa kuchiza. Kuti muthane ndi vutoli pang'ono momwe mungathere, ndikwanira kutsatira malamulo osavuta osunga ndi kudyetsa galu.

Muzichiza nyongolotsi kamodzi pa miyezi itatu iliyonse. Ngati galu amadya udzu, amamwa madzi kuchokera pamadzi, ndiye kuti n'zotheka nthawi zambiri. Ndikofunikiranso kuchotsera utitiri parasitism pa galu - komanso kuchiza.

Osasintha zakudya zanu pafupipafupi.

Sankhani mtundu umodzi wa chakudya, mtundu umodzi wa chakudya, ndi kumamatira nawo popanda kuyesa kusiyanitsa zakudya za galu wanu. Ngati, komabe, pakufunika kusintha zakudya, chitani pang'onopang'ono, kusakaniza chakudya chatsopano mu chakudya chakale tsiku ndi tsiku.

Katemera amateteza galu wanu ku matenda obwera chifukwa cha ma virus. Galu wamkulu ayenera kulandira katemera chaka chilichonse ndi katemera wophatikiza.

Pewani kunyamula mumsewu. Ngati galu sali ovomerezeka ku maphunziro - valani mphuno poyenda.

Kutsekula m'mimba mwa agalu

1. Zifukwa zazikulu zomwe galu ali ndi chimbudzi chotayirira ndi: zakudya zosayenera, matenda a tizilombo, matenda a bakiteriya, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, matenda a m'mimba ndi zotupa.

2. Dongosolo lachidziwitso ndikuchotsa zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa nthawi zambiri (zakudya zomwe zimachitika) mpaka zosowa (neoplasia). Amayamba ndi maphunziro wamba - ultrasound ya pamimba pamimba ndi kuyezetsa magazi. Pambuyo pake, maphunziro owonjezera akhoza kuyitanidwa.

3. Chithandizo cha kutsekula m'mimba mwa galu chimafuna njira yophatikizira - kuchotsa zizindikiro ndi kuthetsa chifukwa cha matendawa. Nthawi zambiri, ndikwanira kupereka sorbents (Smecta kapena Polysorb) kuti athane ndi zizindikiro.

4. Choyambitsacho chikachotsedwa, malingaliro oti achire ndi abwino. Ndi kutsekula m'mimba kwa nthawi yayitali, kusintha kosasinthika m'mimba kumatha kuchitika.

5. Muzisamalira chiweto chanu nthawi zonse chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, katemera chiweto chanu, ndipo tsatirani malangizo a kadyedwe kuti muchepetse kubwereza kwa chimbudzi.

Mayankho a mafunso omwe amafunsidwa nthawi zambiri

Sources:

1. Kutsekula m'mimba mwa Agalu - Kafukufuku Wobwerezabwereza mu Milandu 136 M. Volkmann, JM Steiner et al Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2017

2. Kantere MC Diagnostic performance of a quick in-clinic test for kudziwika kwa Canine Parvovirus pansi pa malo osiyana osungira ndi katemera / MC Kantere, LV Athanasiou, V. Spyrou, CS Kyriakis, V. Kontos, DC Chatzopoulos, CN Tsokana, C. Billinis // J. Virol. Njira. - 2015.

3. Wingfield Wayne. Zinsinsi za chisamaliro chadzidzidzi Chowona Zanyama. Amphaka ndi agalu, 2000.