Mitundu yokhala ndi mazira ya nkhuku zoweta: zizindikiro zazikulu za mitundu, mfundo za kusankha ndi kudyetsa

Chilimbikitso cha chitukuko cha ulimi wa nkhuku, makamaka ulimi wa mazira, chinali kufunikira kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu a mumzinda wa zakudya zachilengedwe. Ndicho chifukwa chake m'zaka za m'ma 18 - 19 njira yopangira mazira a nkhuku inayamba kukula kwambiri. Kuyambira mu 1854, chisa chowongolera chinapangidwa ndi cholinga chojambula payekha kupanga mazira a nkhuku.

Kupanga mafakitale m'munda waulimi wa nkhuku za dzira m'nthawi yathu ino kutengera mtundu wakale wa nkhuku - leghorn woyera. Pamaziko a mtundu uwu, mitanda yokhala ndi dzira lalikulu idapangidwa, ndipo mafamu otsogola a nkhuku amalandila pafupifupi zidutswa 260 pa nkhuku iliyonse. Kuphatikiza apo, mitanda ya nkhuku imadziwika pakupanga, yomwe imanyamula mazira mu zipolopolo zoyera ndi zakuda. Mitanda yokhala ndi zipolopolo zamitundu imakonda kwambiri ku Italy, England, USA, Japan ndi France.

Pambuyo pakuwunika kofananira kwa mitundu ya nkhuku idapangidwa, ubwino wa mitanda ya bulauni muchitetezo, zokolola zabwino, kusanja ndi kugonana komanso kukana kupsinjika kwa nkhuku zidawululidwa.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mitundu ya mazira ya nkhuku?

Mtundu uliwonse wa mbalame zoikira mazira umadziwika kukhalapo kwa makhalidwe ambiri:

1. Kulemera kwakukulu (osapitirira 2,5 kilogalamu);
2. Kukula kofulumira kwambiri, komwe kumachitika masiku 140 atabadwa;
3. Mitundu ya nkhuku iyi imayikira mazira mu chipolopolo choyera pa tsiku la 125 la chitukuko;
4. Kupanga mazira ambiri (pafupifupi mazira 300 amachokera ku mbalame imodzi), zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kukhalapo kwa matambala abwino pafamu.

Kuwonjezera pa zonsezi, nkhukuzi zimakhalanso ndi maonekedwe okongola. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu yonse ya nkhuku ndi yofanana. Awo mwachilungamo wandiweyani nthenga bwino anayamba ndi pafupi ndi thupi. Mapiko ndi mchira zimakula mpaka kukula. Pamutu pake pali mano asanu ndi awiri owongoka.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhuku zoikira

Mwina mtundu wotchuka kwambiri ndi Leghorn, womwe ndi woswana bwino. Kuyika mtundu adatha kupanga obereketsa aku America.

Komanso woyimilira bwino nkhuku zoyikira mazira ndi mtundu wa Isobrown, wobadwa ndi French.

Kuswana kwa nkhuku ndi matambala, zomwe zimapangidwira kupanga mazira ambiri, zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pakupanga ulimi. Pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wamakono wa nkhuku ukhoza kale kuikira mazira 150 m'chaka choyamba cha moyo. Kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino kwambiri, nthawi zonse muyenera kukhala ndi zowunikira zabwino kwambiri. mkati mwa maola 14 tsiku lililonse. Potsatira mikhalidwe imeneyi, mwini famu ya nkhuku angakhale wotsimikiza kuti mbalame zake zimapatsa mazira tsiku lililonse.

Monga lamulo, kusintha kwa ziweto kuyenera kuchitika chaka chilichonse.

Mazira amtundu wa Leggor

Oyamba kupindula ndi kuswana kwakukulu kwa mtundu uwu wa nkhuku ndi matambala anali Achimereka. Anthu ochita chidwi a m’dzikoli anayamba kuphunzira za mitundu ikuluikulu ya mbalamezi pofuna kuswana mbalame zimene zingabereke mazira ambiri. Choncho, mtundu wa Leghorn unaberekedwa.

Kumadzulo, mbalamezi, kuphatikizapo matambala, zinatchuka, ndipo kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, mtunduwo unabweretsedwa kudziko lathu. Mbalamezi zimaonedwa kuti ndi zabwino kwambiri zogona nkhuku, koma kuswa mazira moyipa, choncho njira yoberekera mtunduwo mothandizidwa ndi nkhuku za nkhuku sizingagwire ntchito.

Payokha, mtundu wa nkhuku ndi matambala umakhala ndi mbalame zazing'ono komanso zowoneka bwino zokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthenga - zofiirira, zakuda ndi zofiirira. Nkhuku wamkulu amatha kulemera makilogalamu awiri, ndipo kutha msinkhu kumachitika kuyambira ali ndi miyezi inayi. Mu chaka amatha kugwetsa pafupifupi 200 mazirayokutidwa ndi chipolopolo wandiweyani wa mthunzi woyera popanda kukhalapo kwa mawanga.

Nkhuku zonse za mtundu uwu zimapulumuka bwino kwambiri - pafupifupi 95% ya mazira mu chofungatira amakhala ndi umuna. Atambala ndi nkhuku za leggorn zimadya pang'onopang'ono - mazira khumi ndi awiri amafunikira 1,5 kg ya chakudya. Mitanda yoyera imayikira mazira nthawi zambiri kuposa ena.

Chirasha chokhala ndi dzira loyera

Pambuyo pakuwonekera kwa mtundu wa Leggorn ku Russia, mabanja apagulu, komanso kupanga mafakitale, adayamba kuphatikizira mbalamezi ndi mitundu ya nkhuku ndi matambala. Chotsatira cha zoyesayesa zotere chinali maonekedwe a mtundu wa Russian White. Mtunduwu unavomerezedwa mu 1953.

Mbalame Data zosiyana ndi zigawo zina motere:

• Mutu wawung'ono wopangidwa bwino;
• Chisa chachikulu chooneka ngati masamba;
• Makutu oyera;
• Chifuwa chachikulu chamtsogolo;
• Thupi lalitali ndi mimba yaikulu;
• Mapiko owonda komanso otukuka bwino;
• Miyendo yapakati siili ndi nthenga;
• Nthenga zoyera.

Tambala ndi nkhuku za mtundu uwu zimadziwika ndi kudzichepetsa posamalira ndi kudyetsa. Mbalamezi zimaonedwa ngati zamnivorous ndipo zimalemera pafupifupi 1,8 kg. Tambala amalemera kuposa nkhuku (pafupifupi 2,5 kg). Kulemera kwa dzira kumaposa magalamu 50, ndipo pachaka mbalameyi imanyamula mazira 300.

Oryol oviparous

Mtundu uwu ndi wakale kwambiri ku Russia, popeza mtunduwo unabzalidwa pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri zapitazo. Palibe amene amadziwa za chiyambi chenicheni cha mbalame za Oryol, koma obereketsa atsimikizira kuti makolo awo Nkhuku zaku Iran ndi atambala.

Mitundu ya nkhuku ya Oryol imasiyanitsidwa ndi izi:

• Kukweza torso pamiyendo yamphamvu komanso yayitali;
• Chigazacho chimasiyanitsidwa ndi fupa lalikulu la occipital;
• Mulomo ndi wopindika komanso wakuthwa;
• Mphunoyo ndi yaing'ono ndipo ikulendewera pansi ndi tsitsi laling'ono pamenepo;
• Mbalame ili ndi ndevu ndi ndevu;
• Mtundu wa nthenga ukhoza kusiyana kuchokera kufiira mpaka kuyera;
• Kupanga mazira - pafupifupi zidutswa 200 pachaka.

Zojambula zaku Ukraine

Mitundu ya nkhuku ndi matambala imeneyi ili pagulu la mbalame zoikira mazira kwambiri. Dzina la mtunduwo limachokera ku mfundo yakuti makutu awo atsekedwa tsitsi lofuka, ngati chipewa. Chachikulu Makhalidwe a thupi la nkhuku za nkhuku ndi matambala ndi awa:

• Mutu wa tambala ndi nkhuku ndi wapakati kukula kwake;
• Chisa chooneka ngati tsamba la pinki;
• Makutu amapaka utoto wofiira ndipo amaphimbidwa ndi zilonda zam'mbali;
• Mlomo wawung'ono komanso wopindika;
• Khosi lalifupi ndi kumbuyo kowongoka, zomwe zimakhala ndi matambala ndi nkhuku;
• Miyendo ilibe nthenga;
• Mtundu wa nthenga ndi wakuda-wofiira kapena bulauni-wofiira.

Mtundu uwu wa nkhuku ndi matambala ndi wodzichepetsa ndipo chifukwa chake, podyetsa pang'ono, amatha kulemera makilogalamu awiri (atambala ndi aakulu). Mpaka mazira 160 angapezeke kuchokera ku mbalame imodzi pachaka. Dzira loyamba "Earflaps Chiyukireniya" amapereka ali ndi miyezi isanu.

Mitundu ya nkhuku ya Hamburg

Mbalame zamtundu uwu zimaŵetedwa ku Russia chifukwa cha kupanga mazira ambiri komanso mphamvu. Nkhuku za Hamburg ndi tambala zimadziwika nthenga zokongola ndi kukula kochepa. Kwenikweni, mtundu uwu wa nkhuku ndi utoto woyera. Mbalameyi imabala mazira 170 pachaka, ndipo pafupifupi 85% ya nkhuku zimapulumuka zikaswa.

Carpathian greenleg

Mwalamulo, mtundu uwu unalembedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazo ku Poland. Mbalameyi ndi yokongola kwambiri maonekedwe - mbali yaikulu ya thupi (mimba, ntchafu ndi chifuwa) imakhala ndi nthenga zakuda, ndipo zina zonse zimakhala zofiira. Matambala amtunduwu nthawi zonse amawoneka ochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuposa nkhuku. Mane ndi owala lalanje, crest ndi wofiira, ndipo miyendo ndi yobiriwira.

Carpathian greenlegs ndi okonzeka kuikira mazira ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ya chitukuko. Mu chaka izi mtundu wa nkhuku amanyamula mazira 180. Pafupifupi palibe mafuta m'thupi m'mazira a nkhuku zamtundu uwu ndi atambala. Ndicho chifukwa chake mankhwalawa ndi othandiza kwambiri kwa munthu.

Kodi kudziwa wangwiro atagona nkhuku?

Ngati mukufuna kusankha mtundu wabwino wa nkhuku ndi tambala, muyenera kumvetsera maonekedwe ndi khalidwe la mbalameyo. Atambala ndi nkhuku zikamayenda ndikudya chakudya mwachangu, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi miyendo yotalikirana, ndiye kuti muyenera kulabadira nkhuku zamtundu uwu. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wa dzira la nkhuku ndi tambala ndi wosiyana mimba yofewa ndi ndolo zowala.

Komanso, mawonekedwe a nkhuku zoyikira ndi mtundu wa pigmentation, womwe umasowa m'kati mwa dzira lambiri.

M'dzinja, mumtundu wabwino wa nkhuku ndi atambala, chipolopolo cha diso, dera la uXNUMXbuXNUMXbmiyendo ndi milomo imakhala yotuwa.

Kudyetsa mbalame zazikulu

Nkhuku imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa nyama zomwe zimadya pafupifupi chirichonse ndipo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kagawo kakang'ono ka m'mimba. Choyamba, iyenera kudyetsedwa ndi chakudya chokhazikika, mwachitsanzo, tirigu wopangidwa ndi mapuloteni a nyama ndi zinthu za nayitrogeni.

Monga lamulo, chakudyachi chiyenera kupanga 2/3 ya zakudya za mbalame, ndipo chachitatu chotsaliracho chimapatutsidwa ku chakudya chochuluka monga mchere ndi zinyalala za chakudya. Pa nthawi yogona, mbalameyi imafuna kugwiritsa ntchito calcium yambiri. Ngati chakudya lili osakwanira kuchuluka kwa zinthu, iye akuyamba n'kukujomphanira pulasitala kapena mazira.

Pa nthawi mpaka mbalame kuyikira mazira, zakudya zake ziyenera kukhala kuchokera ku tirigu ndi kutaya zakudya. Poikira mazira, m'pofunika kupereka chakudya cha nkhuku zogonera (pafupifupi theka la unyinji wonse).

M'chilimwe, ndi bwino kuyenda nkhuku pamalo apadera, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira ayenera kudyetsedwa ndi mizu ya mbewu, nettle ndi ufa wa clover. Zonsezi ziyenera kuperekedwa kwa mbalame ngati mawonekedwe ofunda phala m'mawa.

Kodi nyumba ya nkhuku iyenera kukhala chiyani?

Mlimi atasankha kusankha mbalame, muyenera kuyamba kumanga ma aviaries kapena makola.

Chofunikira chachikulu ndi gawo loyenera la nyumbayo, chifukwa chake liyenera kukhala lalikulu. Mbalameyo iyenera kuyenda momasuka pa izo pamene izo zikuyenera iye. Ngati alimi akufuna kusunga nkhuku m'malo opanda ufulu, amatero zidzatheka kuchita popanda maselo. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kukonzekeretsa omasuka perches mmene mbalame kuikira mazira.

Chofunikanso chimodzimodzi ndi ukhondo wa malo, popeza mabakiteriya a pathogenic amatha kukhala m'nyumba yonyansa ya nkhuku.

Kutentha mu khola la nkhuku kuyenera kusungidwa mozungulira +200. Kuti chisachepe, chipindacho chiyenera kukhala chotsekedwa bwino - choyala chogona chimayikidwa pansi, ndipo mafelemu apadera amapachikidwa pawindo.

Muyeneranso kusamalira bwino mpweya wabwino, chifukwa ndi mpweya wamatope, mbalame zimatha kutenga matenda opuma. Kungakhale koyenera kutulutsa mpweya mu khola la nkhuku tsiku lililonse.