Kuyesa kwamagazi kwanthawi zonse ndi biochemical mwa agalu: kumasulira zisonyezo
Zamkatimu
Mitundu yoyezetsa magazi mwa agalu
Pali mitundu yambiri yoyezetsa ndi kuwerengera magazi kwa agalu, tidzakambirana zofunika kwambiri mwazo: kusanthula kwachipatala (CCA) ndi kuyesa kwamagazi a biochemical (BC). Katswiri wodziwa zambiri, poyerekeza mbiri yakale ndi zotsatira zoyezetsa, akhoza kudziwa njira yomwe angasankhe pa matenda ndi momwe angathandizire wodwalayo.
Kusanthula kwakukulu
Kuwerengera kwathunthu kwa magazi mwa agalu kumawonetsa zizindikiro za matenda, kuchuluka kwa kutupa, kuperewera kwa magazi m'thupi ndi zina.
Zifukwa zazikulu:
Hematocrit (Ht) - kuchuluka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi poyerekezera ndi kuchuluka kwa magazi. Kuchuluka kwa maselo ofiira m'magazi, chizindikirochi chidzakhala chokwera kwambiri. Ichi ndiye chizindikiro chachikulu cha kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi. Kuwonjezeka kwa hematocrit nthawi zambiri sikukhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu lachipatala, pamene kuchepa kwake ndi chizindikiro choipa.
Hemoglobin (Hb) - puloteni yovuta yomwe ili mu erythrocytes ndi kumanga mpweya. Monga hematocrit, imathandizira kwambiri pakuzindikira kwa kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi. Kuwonjezeka kwake kungasonyeze kusowa kwa okosijeni.
Maselo ofiira a magazi (RBC) - maselo ofiira a magazi ndi omwe amachititsa kuti mpweya ndi zinthu zina ziyende bwino ndipo ndi gulu lochuluka kwambiri la maselo a magazi. Nambala yawo imagwirizana kwambiri ndi hemoglobin index ndipo ili ndi tanthauzo lomwelo lachipatala.
Leukocytes (WBC) - maselo oyera a magazi ndi omwe amachititsa chitetezo, kulimbana ndi matenda. Gululi limaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo ya maselo omwe ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Chiŵerengero cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya leukocyte kwa wina ndi mzake chimatchedwa leukogram ndipo ndichofunika kwambiri kuchipatala mwa agalu.
Neutrophils - ndi othamanga kwambiri, amatha kudutsa zotchinga za minofu, kuchoka m'magazi ndipo amatha phagocytosis (mayamwidwe) azinthu zakunja monga mavairasi, mabakiteriya, protozoa. Pali magulu awiri a neutrophils. Kubaya - ma neutrophils osakhwima, angolowa kumene m'magazi. Ngati chiwerengero chawo chikuwonjezeka, ndiye kuti thupi limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi matendawa, pamene kufalikira kwa mitundu yosiyana (yokhwima) ya neutrophils idzawonetsa matenda aakulu.
Eosinophils - gulu laling'ono la maselo akuluakulu, cholinga chake chachikulu ndikulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuwonjezeka kwawo pafupifupi nthawi zonse kumasonyeza kuwukira kwa parasitic. Komabe, mlingo wawo wabwinobwino sukutanthauza kuti chiweto chilibe majeremusi.
Basophils - maselo omwe amachititsa kuti thupi likhale lopweteka komanso kukonza kwake. Mu agalu, basophils amawonjezeka kawirikawiri, mosiyana ndi anthu, ngakhale pali ziwengo.
Monocytes - maselo akuluakulu omwe amatha kuchoka m'magazi ndikulowa mumtundu uliwonse wa kutupa. Iwo ndi chigawo chachikulu cha mafinya. Kuwonjezeka ndi sepsis (mabakiteriya omwe amalowa m'magazi).
Lymphocytes - Amayang'anira chitetezo chokwanira. Atakumana ndi matenda, "amakumbukira" tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuphunzira kulimbana naye. Kuwonjezeka kwawo kudzawonetsa njira yopatsirana, amathanso kuwonjezeka ndi oncology. Kuchepa kumalankhula za immunosuppression, matenda a m'mafupa, ma virus.
Mapulateleti - maselo omwe si a nyukiliya, ntchito yayikulu yomwe imaletsa magazi. Adzauka nthawi zonse ndi kutaya magazi, monga njira yobwezera. Amatha kuchepetsedwa pazifukwa ziwiri: mwina amatayika kwambiri (zoopsa za thrombotic, kutaya magazi, matenda), kapena samapangidwa mokwanira (zotupa, matenda a m'mafupa, etc.). Koma nthawi zambiri amaganiziridwa molakwika ngati magazi apanga mu chubu choyesera (zofukula za kafukufuku).
Kusanthula kwachilengedwe
The biochemistry ya magazi a galu adzakuthandizani kudziwa kapena kuwonetsa matenda a ziwalo za munthu aliyense, koma kuti mumvetsetse bwino zotsatira, muyenera kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la chizindikiro chilichonse.
Zifukwa zazikulu:
Albumen ndi mapuloteni osavuta, osungunuka m'madzi. Imakhudzidwa ndi njira zambiri, kuchokera ku zakudya zama cell kupita kumayendedwe a vitamini. Kuwonjezeka kwake kulibe tanthauzo lachipatala, pamene kuchepa kungasonyeze matenda aakulu ndi kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni kapena kuphwanya kagayidwe kake.
ALT (alanine aminotransferase) Ndi puloteni yomwe imapezeka m'maselo ambiri a thupi. Kuchuluka kwake kwakukulu kumapezeka m'maselo a chiwindi, impso, mtima ndi minofu. Chizindikiro chimawonjezeka ndi matenda a ziwalo izi (makamaka chiwindi). Zimachitikanso pambuyo povulala (chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa minofu) komanso panthawi ya hemolysis (kuwonongeka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi).
AST (aspartate aminotransferase) - puloteni, monga ALT, yomwe ili m'chiwindi, minofu, myocardium, impso, maselo ofiira a magazi, ndi khoma lamatumbo. Mulingo wake pafupifupi nthawi zonse umagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ALT, koma mumyocarditis, mulingo wa AST udzakhala wapamwamba kuposa wa ALT, popeza AST imakhala yochulukirapo mumyocardium.
Alpha amylase - puloteni yopangidwa mu kapamba (PZh), chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chakudya. Amylase, monga chizindikiro, alibe tanthauzo lachipatala. Amalowa m'magazi kuchokera ku duodenum, motero, kuwonjezeka kwake kungagwirizane ndi kuwonjezeka kwa matumbo a m'mimba kusiyana ndi matenda a kapamba.
Bilirubin ndi mtundu wa pigment womwe umapezeka mu bile. Kuwonjezeka kwa matenda a hepatobiliary system. Ndi kuchuluka kwake, minyewa ya mucous imatenga mthunzi wa icteric (icteric).
GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) - puloteni yomwe imapezeka m'maselo a chiwindi, kapamba, gland ya mammary, ndulu, matumbo, koma osapezeka mu myocardium ndi minofu. Kuwonjezeka kwa msinkhu wake kudzawonetsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu yomwe ilimo.
Glucose - shuga wosavuta, wogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lamphamvu. Kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwake m'magazi kudzawonetsa momwe kagayidwe kake kamakhala. Kuperewera nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi kudya kwake kosakwanira (panthawi yanjala) kapena kutayika (poizoni, mankhwala). Kuwonjezeka kudzawonetsa matenda aakulu monga shuga, kulephera kwa impso, ndi zina zotero.
Creatinine ndi mankhwala osokoneza mapuloteni. Imatulutsidwa ndi impso, kotero ngati ntchito yawo ikusokonezedwa, idzawonjezeka. Komabe, zikhoza kuwonjezereka ndi kutaya madzi m'thupi, kuvulala, kusasunga njala musanayambe kuyezetsa magazi.
Urea ndiye chomaliza cha kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni. Urea amapangidwa mu chiwindi ndi excreted ndi impso. Kuwonjezeka ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa ziwalo izi. Kuchepa kwa chiwindi kulephera.
Alkaline phosphatase - enzyme yomwe ili m'maselo a chiwindi, impso, matumbo, kapamba, placenta, mafupa. Mu matenda a ndulu, alkaline phosphatase pafupifupi nthawi zonse amawuka. Koma zikhoza kuwonjezeka pa mimba, enteropathy, matenda a m'kamwa, pa nthawi ya kukula.
Miyambo ya magawo a magazi
Mwambiri kusanthula
Table pozindikira zikhalidwe za zizindikiro za kuyezetsa magazi wamba agalu
| Index | Galu wamkulu, wabwinobwino | Mwana wagalu, wamba |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 120-180 | 90-120 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 35-55 | 29-48 |
| Erythrocytes (miliyoni/µl) | 5.5-8.5 | 3.6-7.4 |
| Leukocytes (chikwi/µl) | 5.5-16 | 5.5-16 |
| Ma neutrophils (%) | 0-3 | 0-3 |
| Segmented neutrophils (%) | 60-70 | 60-70 |
| Ma monocytes (%) | 3-10 | 3-10 |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 12-30 | 12-30 |
| Mapulateleti (chikwi/µl) | 140-480 | 140-480 |
Mu biochemical analysis
Miyezo yazizindikiro za kuyezetsa magazi kwa biochemical mwa agalu
| Index | Galu wamkulu, wabwinobwino | Mwana wagalu, wamba |
| Albumin (g/L) | 25-40 | 15-40 |
| GOLIDE (mayunitsi/l) | 10-65 | 10-45 |
| AST (mayunitsi/l) | 10-50 | 10-23 |
| Alpha-amylase (mayunitsi/l) | 350-2000 | 350-2000 |
| Direct bilirubin Chiwerengero chonse cha bilirubin (μmol/L) | ||
| GGT (mayunitsi/l) | ||
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 4.3-6.6 | 2.8-12 |
| Urea (mmol/l) | 3-9 | 3-9 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 33-136 | 33-136 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (u/l) | 10-80 | 70-520 |
| Kashiamu (mmol/l) | 2.25-2.7 | 2.1-3.4 |
| Phosphorous (mmol/l) | 1.01-1.96 | 1.2-3.6 |
Kupatuka kwa kuchuluka kwa magazi
Kusanthula kwakukulu
Kuzindikira kuyezetsa magazi kwa agalu
| Index | Pamwamba pa chikhalidwe | Pansi mwachizolowezi |
| Hemoglobin Hematocrit Mabakiteriya | madzi m'thupi Hypoxia (matenda am'mapapo, mtima) Zotupa za BMC | Kuperewera kwa magazi m'thupi la matenda aakulu matenda aakulu impso Kutaya magazi Hemolysis Kuperewera kwa Iron Matenda a m'mafupa Kusala kudya kwanthawi yayitali |
| leukocyte | Matenda (ma virus, ma virus) chakudya chaposachedwa Pregnancy General kutupa ndondomeko | Matenda (mwachitsanzo, parvovirus enteritis) Kalikondan Matenda a m'mafupa Kusuta |
| Ma neutrophils amakhudzidwa | Kutupa kwakukulu Matenda owopsa | - |
| Ma neutrophils amagawidwa m'magulu | Kutupa kosalekeza matenda aakulu | Matenda a KCM Kutaya magazi Matenda ena |
| Ma monocyte | Kutenga Mimba Mabala | Matenda a KCM kutaya magazi Kalikondan |
| MaLimphocyte | matenda Zotupa (kuphatikizapo lymphoma) | Matenda a KCM kutaya magazi Kalikondan Matenda a virus |
| Mapulatifomu | Kutaya magazi/kuvulala kwaposachedwa Matenda a KCM madzi m'thupi | Kutaya magazi Zinthu za hemolytic (poizoni, mankhwala ena) Matenda a KCM Kuphwanya ma pre-analytics |
Kusanthula kwachilengedwe
Kuzindikira kuyezetsa magazi kwachilengedwe kwa agalu
| Index | Pamwamba pa chikhalidwe | Pansi mwachizolowezi |
| albumen | madzi m'thupi | Kulephera kwa chiwindi Enteropathy kapena nephropathy yotaya mapuloteni matenda Zotupa zazikulu pakhungu (pyoderma, atopy, eczema) Kusakwanira kwa mapuloteni Effusions / edema Kutaya magazi |
| ALT | Chiwindi atrophy Kuperewera kwa pyridoxine | Matenda a chiwindi (neoplasia, hepatitis, lipidosis, etc.) Hypoxia Poizoni kupweteka kuvulala |
| AST | Chiwindi atrophy Kuperewera kwa pyridoxine | Matenda a chiwindi Poizoni/kuledzera Kugwiritsa ntchito corticosteroids Hypoxia kuvulazidwa Hemolysis kupweteka |
| Alpha amylase | - | madzi m'thupi kupweteka Impso Enteropathies / kuphulika kwa matumbo Hepatopathies Kutenga corticosteroids |
| Bilirubin | - | Hemolysis Matenda a chiwindi ndi ndulu |
| GGT | - | Matenda a chiwindi ndi ndulu |
| Gulukosi | Njala Mimba Sepsis Kulephera kwa chiwindi Mochedwa mimba | shuga Nkhawa/mantha Hepatocutaneous syndrome Hyperthyroidism Kukana insulini (acromegaly, hyperadrenocorticism, etc.). |
| urea | Kulephera kwa chiwindi Kutayika kwa mapuloteni Ascites Njala | Kutaya madzi m'thupi/hypovolemia/kunjenjemera Kutentha Kulephera kwa aimpso ndi kuwonongeka kwina kwa impso Poizoni |
| Creatinine | Pregnancy Hyperthyroidism Cachexia | Kutaya madzi m'thupi/hypovolemia Impso Kulephera kwa mtima Kudya kwambiri kwa protein (kudyetsa nyama) |
| Alkaline phosphatase | - | Matenda a chiwindi ndi ndulu Kuchiza ndi anticonvulsants kupweteka Zaka zazing'ono Matenda a mano Matenda a mafupa (resorption, fractures) Mimba |
Kodi kukonzekera galu ndondomeko?
Lamulo lalikulu musanayambe kuyezetsa magazi ndikupirira njala.
Kwa agalu akuluakulu olemera makilogalamu oposa 10, kusala kuyenera kukhala maola 8-10.
Ndikokwanira kuti agalu ang'onoang'ono athe kupirira njala kwa maola 6-8, sangathe kufa ndi njala kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kwa ana mpaka miyezi inayi, ndikwanira kukhalabe ndi njala kwa maola 4-4.
Madzi musanayambe kusanthula sayenera kukhala ochepa.
Kodi magazi amatengedwa bwanji?
Malingana ndi momwe zinthu ziliri, dokotala akhoza kutenga kusanthula kwa mitsempha ya kutsogolo kapena kumbuyo.
Choyamba, tourniquet imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Malo opangira jekeseni wa singano amathandizidwa ndi mowa, pambuyo pake magazi amasonkhanitsidwa m'machubu oyesera.
Njirayi, ngakhale ili yosasangalatsa, si yopweteka kwambiri. Nyama nthawi zambiri zimaopa ulendo wopita kukaona malo kusiyana ndi kubaya ndi singano. Ntchito ya eni ake muzochitika izi ndikukhazika mtima pansi chiweto momwe mungathere, lankhulani naye ndipo musachite mantha nokha, ngati galu akuwona kuti mukuwopa, adzakhala ndi mantha kwambiri.
Mayankho a mafunso omwe amafunsidwa nthawi zambiri
October 6 2021
Zasinthidwa: October 7, 2021
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