Zakudya zotsekemera za nkhumba
Zakudya zowutsa mudyo ndi zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, mizu ya mbewu ndi mphonda. Zonsezi zimadyedwa bwino ndi nyama, zimakhala ndi zakudya zambiri, zimakhala ndi zakudya zambiri zomwe zimagayidwa mosavuta, koma zimakhala zosauka mu mapuloteni, mafuta ndi mchere, makamaka zofunika monga calcium ndi phosphorous.
Mitundu ya chikasu ndi yofiira ya kaloti, yomwe imakhala ndi carotene yambiri, ndiyo chakudya chamtengo wapatali kwambiri chochokera ku mizu. Nthawi zambiri amadyetsedwa kwa akazi pa nthawi ya mimba ndi kuyamwitsa, kuswana amuna pa nthawi yokweretsa, komanso kwa nyama zazing'ono.
Kuchokera ku mizu ina, nyama zimadya mofunitsitsa beets, rutabaga, turnips, ndi mpiru.
Rutabaga (Brassica napus L. subsp. napus) amawetedwa chifukwa cha mizu yake yodyedwa. Mtundu wa mizu ndi woyera kapena wachikasu, ndipo kumtunda kwake, kumatuluka m'nthaka, kumapeza tani yobiriwira, yofiira-bulauni kapena yofiirira. Mnofu wa muzu ndi wowutsa mudyo, wandiweyani, wachikasu, nthawi zambiri woyera, wotsekemera, wokhala ndi kukoma kwapadera kwa mpiru. Muzu wa swede uli ndi 11-17% youma, kuphatikiza 5-10% shuga, woyimiridwa makamaka ndi shuga, mpaka 2% ya protein yaiwisi, 1,2% fiber, 0,2% mafuta, ndi 23-70 mg% ascorbic acid. . (vitamini C), mavitamini a magulu B ndi P, mchere wa potaziyamu, calcium, phosphorous, chitsulo, magnesium, sulfure. Mbewu za muzu zimasungidwa bwino m'zipinda zapansi ndi m'chipinda chapansi pamadzi otsika ndipo zimakhala zatsopano pafupifupi chaka chonse. Mbewu za mizu ndi masamba (nsonga) zimadyedwa ndi ziweto mofunitsitsa, motero rutabaga imakula ngati chakudya komanso mbewu.
Kaloti (Daucus sativus (Hoffm.) Roehl) ndi chomera chochokera ku banja la Orchidaceae chomwe chili chamtengo wapatali, mizu yake imadya mosavuta mitundu yonse ya ziweto ndi nkhuku. Mitundu yapadera ya kaloti zaukwati zawetedwa, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mizu yayikulu ndipo, chifukwa chake, zokolola zambiri. Osati mbewu za mizu zokha, komanso masamba a karoti amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Mizu ya karoti imakhala ndi 10-19% youma, kuphatikiza mpaka 2,5% mapuloteni ndi shuga mpaka 12%. Shuga amapereka kukoma kokoma kwa mizu ya karoti. Kuphatikiza apo, mizu ya mbewu imakhala ndi pectin, mavitamini C (mpaka 20 mg%), B1, B2, B6, E, K, P, PP, calcium, phosphorous, chitsulo, cobalt, boron, chromium, mkuwa, ayodini ndi zina. zinthu. Koma kuchuluka kwa utoto wa carotene mumizu (mpaka 37 mg%) kumapereka mtengo wapadera kwa kaloti. Mwa anthu ndi nyama, carotene imasandulika kukhala vitamini A, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa. Choncho, kudya kaloti sikupindulitsa kwambiri chifukwa cha zakudya zake, koma chifukwa kumapatsa thupi pafupifupi mavitamini onse omwe amafunikira.
Tipu (Brassica rapa L.) amalimidwa chifukwa cha mizu yake yodyedwa. Mnofu wa muzu ndi wowutsa mudyo, wachikasu kapena woyera, wokhala ndi kukoma kosangalatsa kwapadera. Amakhala ndi 8 mpaka 17% youma, kuphatikiza 3,5-9%. Shuga, woyimiridwa makamaka ndi shuga, mpaka 2% ya mapuloteni osalimba, 1.4% fiber, 0,1% mafuta, komanso 19-73 mg% ascorbic acid (vitamini C), 0,08-0,12 mg% thiamine ( vitamini B1), riboflavin pang'ono (vitamini B2), carotene (provitamin A), nicotinic acid (vitamini PP), mchere wa potaziyamu, calcium, phosphorous, chitsulo, magnesium, sulfure. Mafuta a mpiru omwe ali mmenemo amapereka fungo linalake ndi kukoma kokoma ku muzu wa mpiru. M'nyengo yozizira, mbewu za muzu zimasungidwa mu cellars ndi cellars. Kutetezedwa bwino kumatsimikiziridwa mumdima pa kutentha kwa 0 ° mpaka 1 ° C, makamaka ngati mizu imakonkhedwa ndi mchenga wouma kapena tchipisi ta peat. Makhothi a Turnip kumbuyo amatchedwa mpiru. Sikuti mbewu za muzu zokha zimadyetsedwa, komanso masamba a mpiru.
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. esculenta Guerke), chomera chochokera ku banja la haze, chomwe chimatha zaka ziwiri ndi ziwiri, ndi imodzi mwazakudya zopatsa thanzi kwambiri. Zomera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimasiyana mawonekedwe, kukula, mtundu. Nthawi zambiri muzu wa beet tebulo si upambana theka la kilogalamu kulemera ndi awiri a 10-20 cm. Zamkati mwa mbewu za muzu zimabwera mumitundu yofiira ndi yofiira. Masamba okhala ndi mbale ya cordate-ovate komanso ma petioles aatali. Mitsempha ya petiole ndi yapakati nthawi zambiri imakhala yamtundu wa burgundy, nthawi zambiri tsamba lonse limakhala lobiriwira.
Mizu ndi masamba ndi ma petioles amadyedwa. Mbewu za muzu zimakhala ndi 14-20% youma, kuphatikiza 8-12,5% shuga, woyimiridwa makamaka ndi sucrose, 1-2,4% yamafuta ochepa, pafupifupi 1,2% pectin, 0,7% fiber, komanso mpaka 25 mg% ya ascorbic acid (vitamini C), mavitamini B1, B2, P ndi PP, malic, tartaric, lactic acid, mchere wa potaziyamu, calcium, phosphorous, chitsulo, magnesium. Mu beet petioles, zomwe zili mu vitamini C ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa muzu - mpaka 50 mg%.
Beets ndiwothandizanso chifukwa mizu yawo, poyerekeza ndi masamba ena, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kupepuka kwabwino - samawonongeka kwa nthawi yayitali pakusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali, amasungidwa mosavuta mpaka masika, zomwe zimawalola kudyetsedwa mwatsopano pafupifupi onse. chaka chonse. Ngakhale atakhala ovuta komanso olimba nthawi imodzi, ili si vuto kwa makoswe, amadya mofunitsitsa beets.
Pofuna kudyetsa chakudya, mitundu yapadera ya beets yawetedwa. Mtundu wa mizu ya beet ndi yosiyana kwambiri - kuchokera pafupifupi yoyera mpaka yachikasu kwambiri, lalanje, pinki ndi yofiira. Mtengo wawo wopatsa thanzi umatsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe zili ndi shuga 6-12%, kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ndi mavitamini.
Mbewu za mizu ndi tuber, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri podyetsa nyama. Mbewu za mizu (turnips, beets, etc.) ziyenera kuperekedwa zosaphika mu mawonekedwe odulidwa; amatsukidwa kale pansi ndi kutsukidwa.
Masamba ndi muzu mbewu zakonzedwa kudyetsa motere: iwo amasankha, kutaya zovunda, flabby, discolored muzu mbewu, komanso kuchotsa dothi, zinyalala, etc.
Zilonda - dzungu, zukini, chivwende cha chakudya - zili ndi madzi ambiri (90% kapena kuposerapo), chifukwa chake zakudya zawo zonse ndizochepa, koma zimadyedwa ndi nyama mofunitsitsa. Zukini (Cucurbita pepo L var, giromontia Duch.) ndi mbewu yabwino ya chakudya. Amalimidwa chifukwa cha zipatso zake. Zipatso zimafika pogulitsidwa (zaukadaulo) patatha masiku 40-60 zitamera. Pakukhwima kwaukadaulo, khungu la zukini ndi lofewa, thupi ndi lowutsa mudyo, loyera, ndipo mbewu sizinaphimbidwebe ndi chipolopolo cholimba. Zipatso za sikwashi zimakhala ndi 4 mpaka 12% youma, kuphatikizapo 2-2,5% shuga, pectin, 12-40 mg% ascorbic acid (vitamini C). Pambuyo pake, zipatso za sikwashi zikafika pakukhwima, thanzi lawo limatsika kwambiri, chifukwa thupi limataya juiciness ndipo limakhala lolimba ngati khungwa lakunja, momwe minofu imapangidwira - sclerenchyma. Zipatso zakupsa za zukini ndizoyenera kudyetsa ziweto zokha. Nkhaka (Cucumis sativus L.) Nkhaka zoyenera mwachilengedwe zimakhala ndi mazira amasiku 6-15. Mtundu wawo pazamalonda (ie wosapsa) ndi wobiriwira, ndi kukhwima kwathunthu kwachilengedwe amakhala achikasu, ofiirira kapena oyera. Nkhaka zimakhala ndi 2 mpaka 6% youma zinthu, kuphatikizapo 1-2,5% shuga, 0,5-1% crude protein, 0,7% fiber, 0,1% mafuta, mpaka 20 mg% carotene (provitamin A). ), mavitamini B1, B2, zinthu zina (makamaka ayodini), mchere wa calcium (mpaka 150 mg%), sodium, calcium, phosphorous, chitsulo, ndi zina zotero. Nthawi zambiri sitizindikira, koma ngati chinthuchi chimachulukana, nkhaka kapena ziwalo zake, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowawa, zosadyeka. 94-98% ya unyinji wa nkhaka ndi madzi, chifukwa chake, zakudya zamasamba ndizochepa. Nkhaka amalimbikitsa bwino mayamwidwe zakudya zina, makamaka bwino mayamwidwe mafuta. Zipatso za chomerachi zimakhala ndi michere yomwe imawonjezera ntchito ya mavitamini a B.
Zakudya zowutsa mudyo ndi zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, mizu ya mbewu ndi mphonda. Zonsezi zimadyedwa bwino ndi nyama, zimakhala ndi zakudya zambiri, zimakhala ndi zakudya zambiri zomwe zimagayidwa mosavuta, koma zimakhala zosauka mu mapuloteni, mafuta ndi mchere, makamaka zofunika monga calcium ndi phosphorous.
Mitundu ya chikasu ndi yofiira ya kaloti, yomwe imakhala ndi carotene yambiri, ndiyo chakudya chamtengo wapatali kwambiri chochokera ku mizu. Nthawi zambiri amadyetsedwa kwa akazi pa nthawi ya mimba ndi kuyamwitsa, kuswana amuna pa nthawi yokweretsa, komanso kwa nyama zazing'ono.
Kuchokera ku mizu ina, nyama zimadya mofunitsitsa beets, rutabaga, turnips, ndi mpiru.
Rutabaga (Brassica napus L. subsp. napus) amawetedwa chifukwa cha mizu yake yodyedwa. Mtundu wa mizu ndi woyera kapena wachikasu, ndipo kumtunda kwake, kumatuluka m'nthaka, kumapeza tani yobiriwira, yofiira-bulauni kapena yofiirira. Mnofu wa muzu ndi wowutsa mudyo, wandiweyani, wachikasu, nthawi zambiri woyera, wotsekemera, wokhala ndi kukoma kwapadera kwa mpiru. Muzu wa swede uli ndi 11-17% youma, kuphatikiza 5-10% shuga, woyimiridwa makamaka ndi shuga, mpaka 2% ya protein yaiwisi, 1,2% fiber, 0,2% mafuta, ndi 23-70 mg% ascorbic acid. . (vitamini C), mavitamini a magulu B ndi P, mchere wa potaziyamu, calcium, phosphorous, chitsulo, magnesium, sulfure. Mbewu za muzu zimasungidwa bwino m'zipinda zapansi ndi m'chipinda chapansi pamadzi otsika ndipo zimakhala zatsopano pafupifupi chaka chonse. Mbewu za mizu ndi masamba (nsonga) zimadyedwa ndi ziweto mofunitsitsa, motero rutabaga imakula ngati chakudya komanso mbewu.
Kaloti (Daucus sativus (Hoffm.) Roehl) ndi chomera chochokera ku banja la Orchidaceae chomwe chili chamtengo wapatali, mizu yake imadya mosavuta mitundu yonse ya ziweto ndi nkhuku. Mitundu yapadera ya kaloti zaukwati zawetedwa, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mizu yayikulu ndipo, chifukwa chake, zokolola zambiri. Osati mbewu za mizu zokha, komanso masamba a karoti amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Mizu ya karoti imakhala ndi 10-19% youma, kuphatikiza mpaka 2,5% mapuloteni ndi shuga mpaka 12%. Shuga amapereka kukoma kokoma kwa mizu ya karoti. Kuphatikiza apo, mizu ya mbewu imakhala ndi pectin, mavitamini C (mpaka 20 mg%), B1, B2, B6, E, K, P, PP, calcium, phosphorous, chitsulo, cobalt, boron, chromium, mkuwa, ayodini ndi zina. zinthu. Koma kuchuluka kwa utoto wa carotene mumizu (mpaka 37 mg%) kumapereka mtengo wapadera kwa kaloti. Mwa anthu ndi nyama, carotene imasandulika kukhala vitamini A, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa. Choncho, kudya kaloti sikupindulitsa kwambiri chifukwa cha zakudya zake, koma chifukwa kumapatsa thupi pafupifupi mavitamini onse omwe amafunikira.
Tipu (Brassica rapa L.) amalimidwa chifukwa cha mizu yake yodyedwa. Mnofu wa muzu ndi wowutsa mudyo, wachikasu kapena woyera, wokhala ndi kukoma kosangalatsa kwapadera. Amakhala ndi 8 mpaka 17% youma, kuphatikiza 3,5-9%. Shuga, woyimiridwa makamaka ndi shuga, mpaka 2% ya mapuloteni osalimba, 1.4% fiber, 0,1% mafuta, komanso 19-73 mg% ascorbic acid (vitamini C), 0,08-0,12 mg% thiamine ( vitamini B1), riboflavin pang'ono (vitamini B2), carotene (provitamin A), nicotinic acid (vitamini PP), mchere wa potaziyamu, calcium, phosphorous, chitsulo, magnesium, sulfure. Mafuta a mpiru omwe ali mmenemo amapereka fungo linalake ndi kukoma kokoma ku muzu wa mpiru. M'nyengo yozizira, mbewu za muzu zimasungidwa mu cellars ndi cellars. Kutetezedwa bwino kumatsimikiziridwa mumdima pa kutentha kwa 0 ° mpaka 1 ° C, makamaka ngati mizu imakonkhedwa ndi mchenga wouma kapena tchipisi ta peat. Makhothi a Turnip kumbuyo amatchedwa mpiru. Sikuti mbewu za muzu zokha zimadyetsedwa, komanso masamba a mpiru.
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. esculenta Guerke), chomera chochokera ku banja la haze, chomwe chimatha zaka ziwiri ndi ziwiri, ndi imodzi mwazakudya zopatsa thanzi kwambiri. Zomera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimasiyana mawonekedwe, kukula, mtundu. Nthawi zambiri muzu wa beet tebulo si upambana theka la kilogalamu kulemera ndi awiri a 10-20 cm. Zamkati mwa mbewu za muzu zimabwera mumitundu yofiira ndi yofiira. Masamba okhala ndi mbale ya cordate-ovate komanso ma petioles aatali. Mitsempha ya petiole ndi yapakati nthawi zambiri imakhala yamtundu wa burgundy, nthawi zambiri tsamba lonse limakhala lobiriwira.
Mizu ndi masamba ndi ma petioles amadyedwa. Mbewu za muzu zimakhala ndi 14-20% youma, kuphatikiza 8-12,5% shuga, woyimiridwa makamaka ndi sucrose, 1-2,4% yamafuta ochepa, pafupifupi 1,2% pectin, 0,7% fiber, komanso mpaka 25 mg% ya ascorbic acid (vitamini C), mavitamini B1, B2, P ndi PP, malic, tartaric, lactic acid, mchere wa potaziyamu, calcium, phosphorous, chitsulo, magnesium. Mu beet petioles, zomwe zili mu vitamini C ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa muzu - mpaka 50 mg%.
Beets ndiwothandizanso chifukwa mizu yawo, poyerekeza ndi masamba ena, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kupepuka kwabwino - samawonongeka kwa nthawi yayitali pakusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali, amasungidwa mosavuta mpaka masika, zomwe zimawalola kudyetsedwa mwatsopano pafupifupi onse. chaka chonse. Ngakhale atakhala ovuta komanso olimba nthawi imodzi, ili si vuto kwa makoswe, amadya mofunitsitsa beets.
Pofuna kudyetsa chakudya, mitundu yapadera ya beets yawetedwa. Mtundu wa mizu ya beet ndi yosiyana kwambiri - kuchokera pafupifupi yoyera mpaka yachikasu kwambiri, lalanje, pinki ndi yofiira. Mtengo wawo wopatsa thanzi umatsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe zili ndi shuga 6-12%, kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ndi mavitamini.
Mbewu za mizu ndi tuber, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri podyetsa nyama. Mbewu za mizu (turnips, beets, etc.) ziyenera kuperekedwa zosaphika mu mawonekedwe odulidwa; amatsukidwa kale pansi ndi kutsukidwa.
Masamba ndi muzu mbewu zakonzedwa kudyetsa motere: iwo amasankha, kutaya zovunda, flabby, discolored muzu mbewu, komanso kuchotsa dothi, zinyalala, etc.
Zilonda - dzungu, zukini, chivwende cha chakudya - zili ndi madzi ambiri (90% kapena kuposerapo), chifukwa chake zakudya zawo zonse ndizochepa, koma zimadyedwa ndi nyama mofunitsitsa. Zukini (Cucurbita pepo L var, giromontia Duch.) ndi mbewu yabwino ya chakudya. Amalimidwa chifukwa cha zipatso zake. Zipatso zimafika pogulitsidwa (zaukadaulo) patatha masiku 40-60 zitamera. Pakukhwima kwaukadaulo, khungu la zukini ndi lofewa, thupi ndi lowutsa mudyo, loyera, ndipo mbewu sizinaphimbidwebe ndi chipolopolo cholimba. Zipatso za sikwashi zimakhala ndi 4 mpaka 12% youma, kuphatikizapo 2-2,5% shuga, pectin, 12-40 mg% ascorbic acid (vitamini C). Pambuyo pake, zipatso za sikwashi zikafika pakukhwima, thanzi lawo limatsika kwambiri, chifukwa thupi limataya juiciness ndipo limakhala lolimba ngati khungwa lakunja, momwe minofu imapangidwira - sclerenchyma. Zipatso zakupsa za zukini ndizoyenera kudyetsa ziweto zokha. Nkhaka (Cucumis sativus L.) Nkhaka zoyenera mwachilengedwe zimakhala ndi mazira amasiku 6-15. Mtundu wawo pazamalonda (ie wosapsa) ndi wobiriwira, ndi kukhwima kwathunthu kwachilengedwe amakhala achikasu, ofiirira kapena oyera. Nkhaka zimakhala ndi 2 mpaka 6% youma zinthu, kuphatikizapo 1-2,5% shuga, 0,5-1% crude protein, 0,7% fiber, 0,1% mafuta, mpaka 20 mg% carotene (provitamin A). ), mavitamini B1, B2, zinthu zina (makamaka ayodini), mchere wa calcium (mpaka 150 mg%), sodium, calcium, phosphorous, chitsulo, ndi zina zotero. Nthawi zambiri sitizindikira, koma ngati chinthuchi chimachulukana, nkhaka kapena ziwalo zake, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowawa, zosadyeka. 94-98% ya unyinji wa nkhaka ndi madzi, chifukwa chake, zakudya zamasamba ndizochepa. Nkhaka amalimbikitsa bwino mayamwidwe zakudya zina, makamaka bwino mayamwidwe mafuta. Zipatso za chomerachi zimakhala ndi michere yomwe imawonjezera ntchito ya mavitamini a B.
Zakudya zobiriwira za nkhumba
Nkhumba za ku Guinea ndizosadya zamasamba, choncho zakudya zobiriwira ndizo maziko a zakudya zawo. Kuti mudziwe zambiri zomwe zitsamba ndi zomera zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chakudya chobiriwira cha nkhumba, werengani nkhaniyi.
Mukhozanso Mukufuna
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