Zakudya zobiriwira za nkhumba

Zakudya zobiriwira ndiye gawo lalikulu komanso lofunika kwambiri pazakudya. Ndiwotsika mtengo, wolemera mu zakudya, amadyedwa bwino ndi kugayidwa ndi nkhumba za nkhumba, ndipo ali ndi phindu pa zokolola zawo. Mbeu zonse za nyemba ndi udzu wa phala zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chakudya chobiriwira: clover, nyemba, vetch, lupine, sweet clover, sainfoin, nandolo, seradella, dambo, rye yozizira, oats, chimanga, udzu wa Sudanese, ryegrass; dambo, steppe ndi udzu wa nkhalango. Zofunika kwambiri ndi nyemba ndi zosakaniza za legume-cereal zolemera mu mapuloteni, mavitamini ndi mchere. 

Udzu ndi imodzi mwazakudya zazikulu komanso zotsika mtengo. Ndi kuchuluka kokwanira komanso kosiyanasiyana kwachilengedwe komanso kufesa zitsamba, mutha kuchita ndi zocheperako, kuwapatsa kokha kwa zazikazi zoyamwitsa ndi nyama zazing'ono mpaka miyezi iwiri. Kuti chakudya chobiriwira chikhale m'zakudya za nkhumba zochulukirapo kuyambira masika mpaka kumapeto kwa autumn, ndikofunikira kusamalira kupanga chotengera chobiriwira. Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, rye yozizira ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, kuchokera ku zinyama zakutchire - nettle, cuff, chiwawa, burdock, sedges oyambirira ndi mphukira zazing'ono za msondodzi, msondodzi, aspen ndi poplar. 

Mu theka loyamba la chilimwe, mbewu yabwino kwambiri yolumikizira zobiriwira ndi red clover. Kuchokera ku zakutchire, ma forbs ang'onoang'ono akhoza kukhala chakudya chabwino panthawiyi. 

Kufunika kwa nkhumba za nkhumba za chakudya chobiriwira kumatha kuphimbidwa bwino ndi zitsamba zakutchire zosiyanasiyana: nettle, burdock, plantain, yarrow, ng'ombe parsnip, udzu, udzu (makamaka mizu), tchire, heather, tansy (wakutchire), dandelion, udzu waung'ono, minga ya ngamila, komanso colza, milkweed, munda ndi munda nthula, chowawa ndi zina zambiri. 

Zitsamba zina zakutchire - chiwawa, tarragon, tarragon tarragon ndi dandelion - ziyenera kudyetsedwa mosamala. Zomerazi zimadyedwa bwino ndi nyama, koma zimawononga thupi. Dandelion imaperekedwa mpaka 30% ya chakudya chatsiku ndi tsiku cha udzu wobiriwira, ndipo chowawa ndi tarragon, kapena tarragon tarragon, sizovomerezeka kudyetsedwa. 

Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) - Chomera chosatha cha herbaceous kuchokera ku banja la nettle (Urticaceae) wokhala ndi rhizome yokwawa. Masamba ali ozungulira, ovate-oblong, mpaka 15 cm kutalika ndi 8 cm mulifupi, ozungulira m'mphepete, okhala ndi ma petioles. 

Masamba a nettle ali ndi mavitamini ambiri - amakhala ndi 0,6% ascorbic acid (vitamini C), mpaka 50 mg% carotene (provitamin A), vitamini K (mpaka mayunitsi 400 a biological pa 1 g) ndi gulu B. Ichi ndi chikhalidwe cha vitamini chokhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, masamba a nettle ali ndi mapuloteni ambiri, chlorophyll (mpaka 8%), wowuma (mpaka 10%), zakudya zina (pafupifupi 1%), mchere wachitsulo, potaziyamu, mkuwa, manganese, titaniyamu, faifi tambala, komanso tannins ndi organic acid. 

Nettle imakhala ndi zakudya zambiri, imakhala ndi mapuloteni 20-24% (mapuloteni amasamba), 18-25% fiber, 2,5-3,7% mafuta, 31-33% opanda nayitrogeni. Lili ndi vitamini K, calcium, potaziyamu, sodium, magnesium, phosphorous, chitsulo ndi mchere wina. 

Masamba ake ndi mphukira zazing'ono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pofuna kupewa ndi kuchiza beriberi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonekera kumapeto kwa dzinja ndi kumayambiriro kwa masika. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndiyo yosavuta - ufa wochokera ku masamba owuma umawonjezeredwa ku chakudya. 

Masamba amakololedwa panthawi yophukira ndi maluwa a nettle (amamasula kuyambira Meyi mpaka autumn, zipatso zimacha kuyambira Julayi). Nthawi zambiri masamba amayetsemulidwa ndi mitten patsinde kuchokera pansi kupita mmwamba, koma mutha kutchetcha kapena kudula mphukira, kuziwumitsa pang'ono, kenako ndikupuntha masamba pamabedi oyera, ndikutaya tsinde lakuda. Kawirikawiri, nsonga za mphukira zazing'ono zimadulidwa ndi zouma, zomangidwa mumagulu. Kuyanika kwa nettle zopangira kuyenera kuchitidwa m'zipinda zokhala ndi mpweya wabwino, m'chipinda chapamwamba, m'mashedi, koma nthawi zonse pamalo otetezedwa ku dzuwa, chifukwa amatha kuwononga mavitamini. 

Masamba a nettle aang'ono amakhala ndi thanzi makamaka kumayambiriro kwa masika. Nettle yatsopano iyenera kuwiritsidwa kwa mphindi 2-3 m'madzi, kenako ndikufinyidwa pang'ono ndipo, ikupera, ndikuwonjezera kusakaniza konyowa. 

Ufa waudzu wopangidwa kuchokera ku lunguzi ulinso ndi zakudya zabwino kwambiri. Pankhani ya zomwe zili zofunika m'thupi, zimaposa ufa wosakaniza wa timothy ndi clover ndipo ndi wofanana ndi ufa wochokera ku nyemba. Nettles amakololedwa asanatuluke maluwa (June-July) - pambuyo pake amataya zina mwazopindulitsa zake. Zomera zimadulidwa kapena kudulidwa ndipo masamba amaloledwa kufota pang'ono, kenako nettle "saluma". 

M'nyengo yozizira, masamba owuma owuma amawonjezeredwa ku phala la tirigu kapena yophika kwa mphindi 5-6 mpaka atafewetsa mu chidebe chokhala ndi chivindikiro chotsekedwa. Mukatha kuphika, madziwo amatsanulidwa, ndipo misa yotulukayo imafinyidwa pang'ono ndikuwonjezeredwa ku chakudya. 

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Wigg. sl) - therere losatha la banja la Asteraceae, kapena Asteraceae (Compositae, kapena Asteraceae), lomwe lili ndi tsinde lathanzi lomwe limalowera pansi kwambiri (mpaka 60 cm). Masamba amasonkhanitsidwa mu basal rosette, kuchokera pakati pomwe mivi yamaluwa yopanda masamba yopanda masamba 15-50 cm imamera mchaka. Amathera mu inflorescence imodzi - dengu la 3,5 cm m'mimba mwake ndi chokulunga chobiriwira chamizere iwiri. Masamba amasiyana maonekedwe ndi kukula. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati pulawo, pinnate-spatulate kapena pinnate-lanceolate, kutalika kwa 10-25 cm ndi 2-5 cm mulifupi, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi pakati pa pinki. 

Chimamasula kuyambira Epulo mpaka Juni, zipatso zimacha mu Meyi-June. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yamaluwa ambiri sikhala nthawi yayitali - milungu iwiri kapena itatu mu theka lachiwiri la Meyi ndi koyambirira kwa Juni. 

Imakula m'malo osiyanasiyana: madambo, m'mphepete, kuyeretsa, minda, minda, minda yamasamba, zipululu, m'mphepete mwa misewu, kapinga, mapaki, pafupi ndi nyumba. 

Masamba a Dandelion ndi mizu ali ndi thanzi. Masamba ali olemera mu carotenoids (provitamin A), ascorbic acid, mavitamini B1 B2, R. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowawa, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chilakolako chikhale bwino komanso chimapangitsa kuti chimbudzi chikhale bwino. Mizu ya Dandelion ili ndi inulin (mpaka 40%), shuga, malic acid ndi zinthu zina. 

Masamba a chomerachi amadyedwa mosavuta ndi mbira. Iwo ndi gwero la mavitamini ndi mchere mchere. Masamba a Dandelion amadyetsedwa kwa nyama kuyambira koyambirira kwa kasupe mpaka kumapeto kwa autumn mopanda malire. Zinthu zowawa zomwe zili m'masamba zimathandizira kuti magazi aziyenda bwino, zimathandizira kuti chimbudzi chizikhala ndi njala. 

Plantain yaikulu (Plantago major L.) ndi herbaceous perennials omwe amakula ngati udzu kulikonse. Masamba a plantain ali ndi potaziyamu ndi citric acid, ali ndi aukubin glycoside, invertin ndi emulsin enzymes, tannins zowawa, alkaloids, vitamini C, carotene. Mbewuzo zimakhala ndi chakudya, mucous zinthu, oleic acid, 15-10% yamtundu wamafuta amafuta. 

Pakati pa zitsamba, palinso **poizoni kwambiri **, zomwe zingayambitse poizoni wa chakudya komanso ngakhale kufa kwa nkhumba. Zomera izi zikuphatikizapo: kokorysh (galu parsley), hemlock, chiwopsezo chakupha, celandine, chibakuwa kapena wofiira foxglove, wrestler, May kakombo wa m'chigwa, hellebore woyera, larkspur (maluwa a chimanga), henbane, diso la khwangwala, nightshade, dope, anemone, nthula zakupha , zipatso za nkhandwe, khungu la usiku, dambo la marigold, meadow backache, poppy wodzipangira mbewu, bracken fern, marsh wild rosemary. 

Zinyalala zosiyanasiyana **zamunda ndi mavwende**, masamba ndi mphukira zamitengo ina ndi zitsamba zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chobiriwira. Zotsatira zabwino zimachokera ku kudyetsa masamba a kabichi, letesi, mbatata ndi nsonga za karoti. Nsonga za mbatata ziyenera kudulidwa pokhapokha maluwa ndi obiriwira nthawi zonse. Pamwamba pa tomato, beets, swedes ndi mpiru zimapatsa nyama zosaposa 150-200 g pamutu patsiku. Kudyetsa masamba ambiri kumayambitsa matenda otsekula m'mimba mwa iwo, makamaka ana ang'onoang'ono. 

Mbewu yopatsa thanzi komanso yotsika mtengo ndi **chimanga chaching'ono chobiriwira **, chomwe chimakhala ndi shuga wambiri ndipo chimadyedwa mosavuta ndi nkhumba. Chimanga ngati chakudya chobiriwira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira pachiyambi cha kutuluka mu chubu mpaka mantha atatayidwa. Amaperekedwa kwa ziweto zazikulu mpaka 70% ndi ziweto zazing'ono mpaka 40% kapena kupitilira apo zomwe zimachitika tsiku lililonse za chakudya chobiriwira. Chimanga chimagwira ntchito bwino chikaphatikizidwa ndi nyemba, clover, ndi zitsamba zina. 

Sipinachi (Spinacia oleracia L.). Masamba a zomera zazing'ono amadyedwa. Amakhala ndi mavitamini osiyanasiyana, olemera mu mapuloteni ndi mchere wachitsulo, phosphorous, calcium. Mu 100 g ya sipinachi muli potaziyamu wambiri - 742 mg. Masamba a sipinachi amafota msanga chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri, kotero kuti kwa nthawi yayitali yosungirako, sipinachi imazizira, zamzitini kapena zouma. Mwatsopano mazira, akhoza kusungidwa pa kutentha kwa -1 ° C kwa miyezi 2-3. 

Kale - chakudya chabwino, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti mpaka koyambirira kwa dzinja. Choncho, chakudya kabichi akhoza kudyetsedwa kwa nyama mpaka m'dzinja ndi m'zaka zoyambirira za dzinja. 

Kabichi (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitate L.) - amapereka unyinji wa masamba omwe amadyetsedwa mwatsopano kwa nyama. Mitundu yambiri ya kabichi idawetedwa. Amaphatikizidwa m'magulu awiri: mutu woyera (forma alba) ndi mutu wofiira (forma rubra). Khungu la masamba ofiira a kabichi lili ndi pigment yambiri ya anthocyanin. Chifukwa cha izi, mitu yamitundu yotere imakhala ndi mtundu wa lilac kapena wofiirira wosiyanasiyana. Amakhala amtengo wapatali kuposa kabichi woyera, koma mtengo wawo wopatsa thanzi ndi wofanana, ngakhale kuti mu kabichi wofiira muli vitamini C wochulukirapo. Mitu yake ndi yowirira.

Kabichi woyera amakhala ndi mitu kuchokera 5 mpaka 15% youma zinthu, kuphatikizapo 3-7% shuga, mpaka 2,3% mapuloteni, mpaka 54 mg% ascorbic acid (vitamini C). Mu kabichi wofiira, 8-12% youma zinthu, kuphatikizapo 4-6% shuga, 1,5-2% mapuloteni, mpaka 62 mg% ascorbic acid, komanso carotene, mavitamini B1 ndi B2, pantothenic acid, mchere sodium. , potaziyamu, calcium, phosphorous, iron, ayodini. 

Ngakhale kuti zakudya za kabichi sizokwera kwambiri, zimakhala ndi amino acid ndi kufufuza zinthu zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa thupi, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, mavitamini ambiri (C, gulu B, PP, K, U, etc.) . 

Ziphuphu za Brussels (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC) wamkulu chifukwa cha masamba masamba (mitu) ili pamodzi lonse kutalika kwa tsinde. Iwo ali 13-21% youma nkhani, kuphatikizapo 2,5-5,5% shuga, mpaka 7% mapuloteni; imakhala ndi 290 mg% ya ascorbic acid (vitamini C), 0,7-1,2 mg% ya carotene (provitamin A), mavitamini B1, B2, B6, mchere wa sodium, potaziyamu, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, iron, ayodini. Pankhani ya vitamini C, imaposa mitundu yonse ya kabichi. 

Kolifulawa (Brassica cauliflora Luzg.) Zimadziwika kuti zimakhala ndi mavitamini C, B1, B2, B6, PP ndi mchere wamchere. 

Burokoli – katsitsumzukwa kabichi (Brassica cauliflora subsp. simplex Lizg.). Kolifulawa ali ndi mitu yoyera, pamene broccoli ali ndi mitu yobiriwira. Chikhalidwecho ndi chopatsa thanzi kwambiri. Lili ndi 2,54% shuga, pafupifupi 10% zolimba, 83-108 mg% ascorbic acid, carotenes, komanso mavitamini B, PP, choline, methionine. Broccoli ndi wolemera mu calcium ndi phosphorous kuposa kolifulawa. Mitu yodulidwa iyenera kusungidwa mufiriji, chifukwa imasanduka chikasu. Pokolola m'nyengo yozizira, amazizira m'matumba apulasitiki. 

Letesi wamasamba (Lactuca saliva var. secalina Alef). Ubwino wake waukulu ndi precocity, imapanga rosette ya masamba okoma okonzeka kudya masiku 25-40 mutabzala. Masamba a letesi amadyedwa mwatsopano komanso osaphika. 

Masamba a letesi amakhala ndi 4 mpaka 11% youma zinthu, kuphatikiza mpaka 4% shuga ndi 3% yamafuta omangamanga. Koma letesi si wotchuka chifukwa cha zakudya zake. Lili ndi mchere wambiri wa zitsulo wofunikira m'thupi: potaziyamu (mpaka 3200 mg%), calcium (mpaka 108 mg%) ndi iron. Masamba a chomera ichi ndi gwero la pafupifupi mavitamini onse odziwika mu zomera: B1, B2, C, P, PP, K, E, kupatsidwa folic acid, carotene (provitamin A). Ndipo ngakhale mtheradi zili zochepa, koma chifukwa cha wathunthu vitamini zovuta, letesi masamba mwachangu kumapangitsanso chimbudzi ndi kagayidwe mu thupi. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka mu kasupe komanso koyambirira kwa chilimwe, pamene njala ya vitamini imakhala yochulukirapo. 

Parsley (Petroselinum hortense Hoffm.) ali ndi vitamini C wambiri (mpaka 300 mg%) ndi vitamini A (carotene mpaka 11 mg%). Mafuta ofunikira omwe ali mmenemo ali ndi phindu pa ziwalo za m'mimba. 

Mavitamini mu 100 g ya parsley (mg%): carotene - 0,03, vitamini B1 - 0,1, vitamini B2 - 0,086, vitamini PP - 2,0, vitamini B6 - 0,23, vitamini C - 41,0, XNUMX. 

Of chakudya cha nkhuni Ndi bwino kupatsa nkhumba za nkhumba nthambi za aspen, mapulo, phulusa, msondodzi, linden, mthethe, phulusa lamapiri (ndi masamba ndi zipatso), birch ndi nthambi za mitengo ya coniferous. 

Ndi bwino kukolola chakudya cha nthambi m'nyengo yozizira mu June-July, pamene nthambi zimakhala ndi thanzi labwino. Nthambi zosanenepa kuposa 1 cm m'munsi zimadulidwa ndikuluka m'matsache ang'onoang'ono otayirira pafupifupi mita imodzi, kenako amapachikidwa awiriawiri kuti awume pansi pa denga. 

Kudyetsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa nkhumba zobiriwira ndi chakudya chokwanira chokwanira kumawapatsa mavitamini, mchere ndi mapuloteni athunthu, zomwe zimathandiza kulima bwino, zinyama zazing'ono.