Kuopsa kwa nsomba za Aquarium

Poizoni amagawidwa kunsi kwa mtsinje kukhala pachimake ndi aakulu. 

Zovuta:

• Nsombayo ikukanika kupuma ndipo imakhala pafupi ndi madzi, kapena imagona pansi
• Kuchita mdima kapena kusinthika kwa ma gill
• Kusintha kwa mtundu wa thupi - wotumbululuka kwambiri kapena wakuda kwambiri
• Kuchuluka kwa ntchofu
• Mawanga ofiira pa thupi, zipsepse ndi mphuno
• zipsepse zopanikiza
• Kutayika kwa mgwirizano, kunjenjemera ndi kugwedezeka
• Maso osasunthika, owala (nthawi zambiri nsomba zimatha kuwasuntha)
• Anorexia 
• Kukhumudwa kwambiri kapena kulefuka
• Imfa mwadzidzidzi

Matenda:

• Kupsinjika maganizo kwanthawi yaitali
• mawonekedwe osayenera
• Kugona mu ngodya zakuda
• Kupuma mofulumira
• Kunjenjemera ndi kugwedezeka kwa thupi
• zipsepse zopanikiza
• Kuchepetsa chitetezo chokwanira, chiwopsezo cha matenda a fungal ndi bakiteriya
• Kuchuluka kwa ntchofu
• Imfa ya nsomba mosadziwika bwino  

Zimayambitsa

Zinthu zambiri ndi poizoni ku nsomba. Zina mwazo - ammonia, nitrites ndi nitrates - ndizopangidwa ndi nayitrogeni ndipo zimapangidwira mwachilengedwe mu aquarium (zinyalala zokhala ndi nayitrogeni). Zinthu zina zapoizoni zimatha kubwera ndi madzi apampopi, monga chlorine, chloramine, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala tomwe timamwa madzi apampopi. Zitsulo zolemera monga lead ndi mkuwa nthawi zina zimapezekanso m'madzi apampopi. Mankhwala ambiri amatha kukhala oopsa kwa nsomba nthawi zina (mwachitsanzo, kumwa mopitirira muyeso, kusakaniza ndi mankhwala ena, kapena makamaka nsomba zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri). Chifukwa chofala cha zinthu zapoizoni zomwe zimalowa m'madzi a aquarium ndi zosayenera zokongoletsa zam'madzi ndi zida.

• Zitsulo zimatha kupanga mchere wapoizoni zikakhala m'madzi amchere kapena acidic.
• Miyala imatha kukhala ndi mankhwala oopsa.
• Miyala kapena pulasitiki kapena miphika yamaluwa ya ceramic yomizidwa mumadzi am'madzi monga chokongoletsera kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala mbewu za m'madzi a m'madzi imatha kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polima.
• Mitundu yambiri ya pulasitiki imatulutsa zinthu zapoizoni ikamizidwa m'madzi. Chifukwa chake, gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zapulasitiki zokha zopangidwira m'madzi am'madzi kapena zakudya.
• Utoto, ma vanishi, zomatira ndi utoto ndi zapoizoni pokhapokha zitapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'madzi.
• Wood, driftwood, zopaka vanishi kapena zothiridwa mankhwala zimatha kupha nsomba zomwe zimapala matabwa, monga nsomba zam'madzi, gerinocheilus, algae eaters, komanso kutulutsa zinthu zowopsa m'madzi.
• Zomera zosayenera - kuphatikiza mbewu zina zomwe zimagulitsidwa kuti zikabzalidwe m'madzi.
• Zakudya za nsomba ndi crustacean, ngati sizisungidwa bwino, nthawi zina zimatha kuyambitsa poizoni wa aflatoxin. 
• Utsi wa penti ndi vanishi, mankhwala, utsi wa fodya, mankhwala ophera tizilombo m’nyumba, ma acaricides, ndi mankhwala oletsa mafangasi a m’nyumba zonse zimatha kulowa m’madzi kupyola pamwamba kapena kudzera pa mpope wa mpweya.
• Sopo, zotsukira ndi zinthu zina zimatha kulowa mu aquarium pamodzi ndi zida, zinthu zokongoletsera kapena pamanja. 
• Zinthu zapoizoni zimatha kupanga mu aquarium ndi kusamalidwa kosayenera komanso kosayembekezereka, kudya kwambiri, kuchulukirachulukira, zinthu za organic.

Poizoni wa nitrite

Nitrite (NO2) amapangidwa panthawi ya nayitrogeni ndipo ndi chinthu chowonongeka cha ammonia. Nitrites ndi poizoni ku nsomba, koma zochepa kuposa ammonia. Ma nitrites amawononga nsomba powononga mpweya wawo. Kupyolera mu gills, iwo amalowa m'magazi ndipo kumeneko kumayambitsa okosijeni wa hemoglobin. Kuchuluka kwa nitrites kungayambitse zina mwa zizindikiro za poizoni woopsa, komanso imfa ya hypoxia. Zizindikiro za poizoni wa nitrite pachimake zimaphatikizapo kupuma mofulumira; nsomba kukhala pamwamba pa madzi ndi kupuma movutikira. Kuonjezera apo, kugwedezeka kumawonedwa, makamaka mu nsomba zazing'ono. Minofu ya gill imatha kusintha kuchokera kumtundu wabwinobwino wapinki kupita ku mtundu wopanda thanzi kuyambira wofiirira mpaka bulauni. M'kanthawi kochepa - kuyambira maola angapo mpaka masiku angapo, imfa imatha kuchitika. Kuwonetsedwa kwanthawi yayitali kwa ma nitrites okwera pang'ono, ngakhale kuti ndi osowa, kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa thanzi komanso kupondereza kwa chitetezo chamthupi, monganso mitundu ina yapoizoni yosatha. Pochiza, nsomba zodwala zimayikidwa m'madzi oyera, kapena zinthu zosasintha za nitrite zimawonjezeredwa ku aquarium yakale. Ngati nsomba imalekerera bwino mchere, mutha kuwonjezera 1 g ku aquarium. mchere wamchere (sodium chloride) pa malita 10 a madzi a aquarium. Muyesowu umachepetsa kwambiri kawopsedwe wa nitrites. Kuthekera kwina ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito sefa yokhwima kuchokera ku thanki ina (ngati ilipo), yomwe nthawi zambiri imatsitsa kuchuluka kwa nitrite mpaka kufupi ndi ziro m'masiku 1-2. Pewani poizoni wa nitrite: samalirani bwino madzi am'madzi, yesani magawo amadzi ndi mayeso ndikusunga milingo ya zero nitrite m'madzi.

Nitrate poyizoni

Nitrates (NO3) ndizomwe zimathera pa nitrogen cycle. Nayitrogeni sakhala ndi poizoni wambiri ku nsomba kuposa zinthu zina za nayitrogeni, ndipo m'malo otsika sakhala ndi vuto lililonse ku nsomba. Komabe, milingo yawo imatha kukwera ndi kusamalidwa bwino kwa m'madzi am'madzi, komanso feteleza wina wamaluwa, kuchulukana komanso kudya kwambiri nsomba. Kuchuluka kwa nitrate kumatha kuonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha kuchepa kwa madzi ndikuwonetsa kufunikira kokonzanso. Nitrates amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali osati pachimake. Kuwona kwa nthawi yayitali kwa kuchuluka kwa nitrate kungayambitse kufowoka, kupsinjika kwakanthawi, kudwaladwala, komanso kusafuna kubereka. Zingapangitse nsomba kukhala pachiwopsezo cha matenda ena. Mwadzidzidzi kukhudzana ndi nitrates mu ndende apamwamba kwambiri kuposa mmene zimachititsa mantha nitrate, amene ayenera kuonedwa ngati pachimake nitrate poyizoni - nsomba zambiri kudwala 1-3 masiku atalowetsedwa mu Aquarium, nthawi zina kusonyeza zizindikiro za poizoni pachimake, nthawi zambiri pa chachiwiri kapena XNUMX. tsiku lachitatu kukhala mu aquarium. "malo okhalamo atsopano", amapezeka atafa. Nsomba zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi nitrates zimakhala zolefuka, zimapuma mwachangu, mphuno zimapepuka kukhala pinki, zipsepse zoponderezedwa, kusowa chilakolako cha chakudya, mtundu wotumbululuka, komanso kuyabwa kwa thupi. Mlingo wa nitrate mu aquarium uyenera kuyezedwa nthawi zonse kuti utsimikizire kuti uli m'malire otetezeka. Kusamalira bwino kwa Aquarium, kupewa kuchulukana, kudyetsa nsomba moyenera komanso kusintha pang'ono kwa madzi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi apadera. kumathandiza kupewa mavuto okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa nitrate. Ma nitrate amatha kuchotsedwa m'madzi apampopi pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha reverse osmosis.

Kuchuluka kwa ammonia

  Ammonia amalowa mu aquarium nthawi ya moyo wa nsomba zomwezo. Mu nsomba, ammonia excreted makamaka kudzera m'matumbo. Amapangidwanso panthawi ya nayitrogeni. M'makina otsekedwa monga aquarium, ammonia imatha kufika pakupha. Zizindikiro za poizoni ammonia ndi kupuma movutikira, kupuma pafupipafupi, kugwedezeka, kusangalatsidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito, mawanga ofiira pathupi, ntchofu zambiri. Ndi poyizoni woopsa, ma gill amawonongeka, mtundu umasintha kuchokera ku pinki yathanzi kupita ku bulauni, nsomba zimafota ndikufa. Zimachitika ndi chisamaliro chosayenera cha aquarium, kuchulukirachulukira, kudya kwambiri, kuchuluka kwazinthu zachilengedwe, kusowa kwa kusefera ndi mpweya. Kuyika zosefera zapamwamba kwambiri mu aquarium, kuyeretsa panthawi yake komanso kusankha koyenera kwa mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa okhalamo kumathetsa vuto la ammonia ochulukirapo mu aquarium.

Poizoni wa chlorine

Chlorine nthawi zonse imapezeka m'madzi apampopi. Ngati chiphe chikuchitika, ndiye kuti nsombayo imakhala yotumbululuka, mpaka yoyera, ndipo mphuno ndi thupi zimakutidwa ndi ntchofu, mawanga ofiira amawoneka pathupi, mayendedwe amakhala osokonezeka, ndipo imfa imapezeka. Izi zimachitika pokhapokha madzi akapanda kuthandizidwa kale, koma amathiridwa mu nsomba mwachindunji kuchokera pampopi. Pazifukwa izi, musanadzalemo nsomba m'madzi am'madzi kapena posintha, madziwo ayenera kutetezedwa mumtsuko kwa masiku osachepera 3-4. Ngati, komabe, izi sizingatheke, ndiye kuti ndikofunikira kuwonjezera pamadzi kapena njira zapadera zamafakitale kuti muchepetse chlorine. 

Hydrogen sulfide poizoni

Hydrogen sulfide poisoning imachitika pamene kusamalidwa kosayenera kwa aquarium, overfeeding, kudzikundikira kwa ndowe zambiri kapena mbali za zomera zowola. Pansi, chilengedwe cha anaerobic chimapangidwa momwe ma nitrate amasinthidwa kukhala nayitrogeni. Kenako mapuloteni ndi ma amino acid okhala ndi sulfure adzawonongeka. Sulfur imeneyi idzasanduka hydrogen sulfide, mpweya wopanda mtundu umene umanunkhiza ngati mazira owola. Madzi amakhala amitambo, amapeza fungo losasangalatsa la mazira ovunda, nthaka imadetsedwa ndikukhala ndi mawanga akuda. Pamene poizoni wa hydrogen sulfide, nsombayo imasowa mpweya, ndipo, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mpweya, imakwera pamwamba pa madzi ndikutenga mpweya wamlengalenga m'kamwa mwawo ndi / kapena pafupi ndi mphuno ya compressor kapena madzi oyera. chitoliro ndi mpweya kuchokera ku fyuluta. Mwachibadwa, pamenepa, nsomba zimapuma mofulumira, zomwe zimawoneka bwino kuchokera kumayendedwe afupipafupi a gill chimakwirira. Ngati aquarist sachitapo kanthu mwachangu kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa hydrogen sulfide m'madzi, ndiye kuti zizindikiro za poizoni zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.

Pachifukwa ichi, kugwirizanitsa kwa kayendetsedwe kake kumasokonekera mu nsomba, zimakhala zolephereka, zimachita bwino ndi zokopa zakunja, kenako zimakhala zowawa ndi kufa.

Ndikofunikira kupatsa nsomba chakudya chochuluka monga momwe angadye mumphindi zochepa. Chakudya sayenera kukhazikika pansi ndikuwola pamenepo. Chakudya chotsalira chiyenera kuchotsedwa mwamsanga. Mu Aquarium yoyera, zinthu zowola za organic zinthu zimasinthidwa nthawi yomweyo kukhala nitrates. Nitrates, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa anaerobic pansi, amasandulika kukhala nayitrogeni wopanda vuto, omwe amachotsedwa ndi mpweya.

Embolism ya gasi kuchokera ku oxygen yochulukirapo

Embolism ya mpweya mu nsomba imawoneka ngati tinthu tating'ono ta mpweya m'thupi kapena m'maso. Monga lamulo, sizikhala ndi vuto lalikulu la thanzi. Komabe, nthawi zina, zotsatira zake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, ngati lens la diso lakhudzidwa kapena matenda a bakiteriya amayamba pa malo omwe aphulika. Komanso, thovu akhoza kupanga pa ziwalo zofunika zamkati (ubongo, mtima, chiwindi) ndi kuchititsa imfa mwadzidzidzi nsomba.

Chifukwa chake ndikuwonongeka kwa kusefera kapena tinthu tating'ono tating'ono kuchokera ku compressor kutsitsi kapena fyuluta, yomwe imasungunuka isanafike pamwamba. Chifukwa chachiwiri ndikuwonjezera madzi ambiri ozizira kuposa mu aquarium kupita ku aquarium. M'madzi oterowo, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wosungunuka nthawi zonse kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa m'madzi ofunda. Pamene ikuwotcha, mpweya umatulutsidwa ngati ma microbubble omwewo. 

Poizoni ndi mankhwala apanyumba ndi ma aerosols

Mukamatsuka ndi kuyeretsa aquarium, musagwiritse ntchito zida zotsuka mwaukali; makoma a aquarium amatha kuthiridwa ndi 10% soda solution, zotengera zazing'ono zomwe pambuyo pa mankhwalawa sizikhala ndi vuto pa nsomba. M'chipinda chomwe aquarium ili, sikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala aliwonse, nthawi zambiri, ndikofunikira kuwagwiritsa ntchito pang'ono momwe mungathere. Izi zimagwira ntchito pa utoto, ma vanishi, zosungunulira, zopopera zothira m'nyumba, mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Nsombayo ikakumana ndi poizoni kapena poizoni aliyense ayenera kupewa. Izi zikuphatikizapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Utsi wa fodya ndi poizoni ku nsomba. Ndizosafunika kwambiri kusuta m'chipinda chokhala ndi aquarium; chikonga chimakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri pamadzi am'madzi. 

Kupha mankhwala kuchokera ku zida zatsopano ndi zokongoletsera

Zinthu zokongoletsera, dothi, zida - zosefera, ma hoses, sprayers, makamaka zatsopano ndi zokayikitsa, zimatha kutulutsa zinthu zapoizoni m'madzi zomwe zingayambitse poizoni wanthawi zonse mu nsomba. Muyenera kusankha mosamala zokongoletsa zapamwamba ndi zida zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mu aquarium.

Chiphe chachitsulo

Pali njira zambiri zolowera zitsulo mu aquarium:

• Kukhalapo mu madzi apampopi a zitsulo zamchere kuchokera kumadzi achilengedwe.
• Zitsulo zochokera ku mapaipi amadzi ndi akasinja amadzi, makamaka kuchokera ku mapaipi amadzi otentha m'malo omwe madzi ndi ofewa komanso acidic. M'madzi oterowo, mpweya wa calcium carbonate suyikidwa, womwe umapanga chotchinga pakati pa chitsulo ndi madzi, kotero kuti madzi acidic nthawi zambiri amachitira ndi zitsulo.
• Zida zosayenera za aquarium, kuphatikizapo akasinja opangidwa ndi zitsulo omwe ali ndi madzi amchere, ndi zivundikiro zachitsulo zomwe nthawi zonse zimaphwanyidwa ndi mchere kapena madzi acidic (chifukwa chikhoza kukhala kusefa kwambiri kapena kutulutsa mpweya komanso kusowa zophimba).
• mankhwala okhala ndi mkuwa.
• Kukhalapo kwazitsulo m'miyala ndi dothi.

Zizindikiro za poizoni wachitsulo zimatha kusiyana. Nthawi zambiri, kagayidwe kachakudya m'thupi la nsomba zimasokonekera, ma gill filaments amawonongeka, mwachangu amapumira ndipo nthawi zambiri amafa. Pofuna kuchiza nsomba zodwala, amaziika ku aquarium ina. M'zaka zakale, ndikofunikira kuchotsa magwero azitsulo, kutsuka nthaka, zomera, zokongoletsa. Mchere wachitsulo utha kuchotsedwa ndi reverse osmosis kapena kukhala wopanda vuto ndi zinthu zina zapadera zowongolera madzi. Musagwiritse ntchito zotengera zamadzi otentha zamkuwa - makamaka m'malo omwe madziwo ndi ofewa. Musanasonkhanitse madzi oti muwonjezere ku aquarium, tsegulani mpope wamadzi ozizira kwa mphindi zingapo kuti mukhetse madzi omwe adayimilira m'mipope. Gwiritsani ntchito zida zokhazo zomwe zili zoyenera madzi am'madzi ndipo pewani kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mankhwala okhala ndi mkuwa.

Kupha mankhwala

Zimachitikanso kuti poyesa kuchiritsa nsombazo, zimangowonjezera. Nthawi zambiri, mankhwala a saline, malachite wobiriwira, formalin, manganese, ndi maantibayotiki amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda opatsirana ndi parasitic. Mankhwalawa amasungunuka m'madzi, ndikupanga osambira achire. M'pofunika kuganizira mosamala mawerengedwe a mlingo, zomwe zimadalira kachulukidwe ka anthu, kuchuluka kwa aquarium ndi mtundu wa matenda. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala mu nsomba kumatha kuwononga ziwalo zofunika kwambiri, ndipo zimatha kufa. Pofuna kupewa izi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuchitira nsomba zodwala m'madzi a aquarium okhawokha, kutsatira mosamalitsa mlingo wa mankhwala, komanso kuyanjana kwawo. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana panthawi imodzimodzi, chifukwa zotsatira zake zonse zimatha kubweretsa zotsatira zoipa. Mu nkhani ya bongo, m`pofunika m`malo madzi.

Dyetsani chiphe

Nsomba zimatha kupha poyizoni ndi chakudya chouma komanso chamoyo. Chakudya chowuma, ngati sichisungidwa molakwika, chikhoza kuphimbidwa ndi nkhungu, ndipo chikadyetsedwa ndi zakudya zotere, poizoni wa aflatoxin amatha kuchitika. Poyizoni wa Aflatoxin siwofala kwambiri, koma ndizotheka ngati m'madzi apeza zakudya zambiri ndipo, atatsegula phukusi, amazisunga m'malo osayenera. Chakudya chamoyo: daphnia, cyclops, tubifex, bloodworm, gammarus, ndi zina zotero nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ngozi yaikulu, chifukwa iwo, akasungidwa m'madziwe achilengedwe, amaipitsidwa ndi zimbudzi zochokera ku mafakitale, makampani ndi mabizinesi apakhomo, komanso feteleza zamchere. ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, amadziunjikira zinthu zapoizoni zambiri (wopanga chitoliro ndi wowopsa kwambiri pankhaniyi: wokhala m'nthaka yoipitsidwa, nthawi zambiri amakhala osati m'madzi okha, komanso m'madambo, ngalande komanso ngakhale mapaipi otayira. ). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zinthu zapoizoni sizimayambitsa imfa ya crustaceans ndi nyongolotsi, koma zimadziunjikira m'matupi awo mochuluka. Poizoni zinthu anayamba kudziunjikira mu thupi la nsomba, kuchititsa poizoni, yodziwika ndi kuphwanya chapakati mantha ndi m`mimba kachitidwe, amene akhoza kupha nsomba. Pogula chakudya, tsatirani malamulo osungira, ndipo ngati mukudyetsa chakudya chamoyo, gulani chakudya kuchokera kumalo odalirika.

Chithandizo ndi kupewa poizoni

Ngati chomwe chimayambitsa poyizoni sichidziwika, ndiye kuti njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli ndikuyika nsomba m'madzi ena okhala ndi madzi okhazikika. Gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimapangidwira aquarium kuti musamalire ndi kukongoletsa, yesani madzi nthawi zonse, komanso kutsatira malamulo osamalira aquarium.