Makhalidwe a oimira gulu la amphibians ndi momwe chule amasiyanirana ndi chule

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chofala cha chisinthiko, zamoyo zapadziko lapansi zinayambira pansi pa nyanja. Kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, m’nkhondo yosalekeza ya kukhala ndi moyo, zamoyo zinawonekera ndi kuzimiririka, kuloŵerera ku zatsopano, zangwiro kwambiri, zokhala ndi njira zabwino koposa zopulumukira. Ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali, kwa mitundu yambiri ya zinyama, malo okha okhala padziko lapansi anali madzi. Koma nthawi yafika ndipo chitukuko cha nthaka chayamba. Apainiya osimidwa pang'onopang'ono, kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo, adasintha, kuchotsa zosafunika ndi kupeza zofunika kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino kuchokera m'madzi: zipsepsezo zinasandulika kukhala paws, chiwalo chatsopano chopuma chinawonekera m'malo mwa mphuno - mapapo.

Lerolino, chilengedwe chimakantha m’maganizo ndi kuchulukana kodabwitsa kwa zamoyo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo zonse m’chilengedwe cha m’madzi ndi padziko lapansi, ndipo zakale zapita mwakuya kosafikirika kotero kuti n’kovuta kukhulupirira m’kuthekera kwa chiphunzitsocho ngati palibe. umboni wotsimikizirika. Koma pali umboni, ndipo izi sizinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi, koma zamoyo zomwe aliyense amadziwa.

Ndi za kalasi amphibians kapena amphibians. Sayansi imanena kuti oimira gulu ili ndi chiyanjano chapakati pakati pa nsomba ndi zokwawa. Ndani amapanga kalasi imeneyi? Inde, mitundu yodziwika bwino ya amphibians ndi achule ndi achule. Zowonadi, m'miyoyo ya anthu amtundu uliwonse wamtunduwu, kusintha kodabwitsa kumachitika: kusinthika kuchokera ku tadpole kukhala m'madzi okhala ndi zipsepse ndi ma gill kukhala nyama yapamtunda, kupuma ndi mapapu ndikukhala ndi miyendo inayi yotukuka. Ndipo kodi ichi si chisonyezero chowonekera bwino cha kutuluka kwa nsomba kumtunda?

Zochititsa chidwi zomwe zimasiyanitsa oimira gulu la amphibians ndi nyama zina. Mwa iwo onetsani mbali zazikulu:

• kubereka ndi mazira oikira m'madzi,
• kupuma ndi ma gill - mu siteji ya tadpoles,
• kusintha kwa kupuma ndi mapapu panthawi yotuluka m'madzi,
• kuthekera kopuma pakhungu,
• kusowa tsitsi, nthenga kapena mamba pakhungu.

Pambuyo podziwana ndi gulu la amphibians, funso limakhalapo, lomwe kusiyana pakati pa achule ndi achule. Ndipo, zikuoneka, sikovuta kuzindikira kusiyana, ingoyang'anani mwatcheru.

Kusiyana Kwakukulu Pakati pa Achule ndi Achule

Maonekedwe

Zilipo zizindikiro zingapo zosonyeza zakunja, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusiyanitsa achule ndi achule:

• Chinthu choyamba chomwe chimakopa chidwi ndi khungu. Mu achule, ndi yosalala, yoterera, yonyowa. Constant hydration imapangitsa kuti achule azipuma pakhungu lawo. Mu achule, khungu ndi louma, keratinized, yokutidwa ndi ma tubercles, amene, pamene wakwiya, secrete caustic poizoni ntchofu. Achule alibe mphamvu yopuma pakhungu lawo. Kupuma kwa munthu wamkulu kumaperekedwa ndi mapapo.
• Mtundu wa khungu la achule ndi wobiriwira, womwe umatsimikiziridwa ndi malo awo, chifukwa amathera nthawi yambiri m'madzi, pakati pa zobiriwira za zomera zakuda. Achule akumtunda ndi ofiirira, omwe amawalola kuti asawonekere, kuphatikiza ndi nthaka, atakhala mu dzenje lonyowa masana. Kwa achule, kubisala n’kofunika kwambiri, chifukwa simakhala pafupi ndi madzi, kumene amatha kudumpha ngati kuli koopsa, ndipo sikutha kulumpha ngati chule.
• Pali kusiyana kwakukulu mu kapangidwe ka thupi. Kuchuluka kwa chule kumakhala kotalika, mutu wake ukukwera mmwamba ndi kutambasula kutsogolo. Chifukwa cha miyendo yake yayitali komanso yamphamvu yakumbuyo, imawoneka yolimba, yachitsime, ndipo imatha kuyenda mwachangu ndi kudumpha kwakukulu. Komano, achule amawoneka omasuka, osquat, ndi opusa. Thupi lake lolemera kwambiri limakanikizidwa pansi, mutu wake ndi wosalala, miyendo yake ndi yaifupi komanso yofooka. N’chifukwa chake achule amayenda pafupifupi kukwawa, koma nthawi zina amadumpha molemera.
• Ngati muyang'anitsitsa maso a chule, mukhoza kuona kuti wophunzira wake, mosiyana ndi chule, ndi wautali, womwe umagwirizanitsidwa ndi moyo wausiku.
• Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zotsimikizika zomwe zimasiyanitsa chule ndi chule ndi mano. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya achule imakhala ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, pomwe achule alibe mano.

moyo

Achule amakhala m'madzi ambiri, kusaka masana, amakonda kugwira tizilombo touluka kapena mbalame zazing'ono zam'madzi. Pambuyo poyimba nyimbo zamadzulo, amagona mpaka m’mawa. Achule M'malo mwake, amabisala pansi masana, ndi pita kukasaka usiku, mosangalala kwambiri kudya slugs, kafadala, mphutsi ndi mbozi, zomwe, mwa njira, zimapereka chithandizo chachikulu kwa anthu polimbana ndi tizirombo ta minda ndi minda ya zipatso.

Kubalana

Achule ndi achule onse amaswana poikira mazira. Ngati zowonda zowonda zimayandama pamwamba pa mosungiramo, ndiye kuti mwina iyi ndi caviar yoyikidwa ndi chule. Achule amayikira mazira ngati ulusi wautali womwe umazungulira mapesi a algae. Mitundu ina imadziwika posonyeza chisamaliro chapadera kwa ana.

Mwachitsanzo, achule wamwamuna, wofala ku Ulaya, mphepo ulusi ndi mazira pa phazi nakhala m’dzenje, kudikira kuyamba kusweka, pambuyo pake amanyamula anawo kupita nawo m’thamanda. Ndipo woimira achule ku Latin America amasiyanitsidwa ndi mfundo yakuti amanyamula ana mu maganizo apadera pa nsana wake. Izi zimapereka mwayi wochulukirapo kuti nyama zazing'ono zipulumuke, chifukwa m'madzi muli okonda ambiri a caviar atsopano.

Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti achule onse ndi achule omwe amakhala m'madera apakati sakhala opanda vuto kwa anthu, komanso amathandiza kwambiri, kuwonjezera apo, ngati muwayang'anitsitsa, mukhoza kuona kuti ndi okongola kwambiri.