Kuberekana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya achule, momwe amphibians amaberekera

Achule amatha kuswana akafika zaka zinayi. Zikadzuka pambuyo pa hibernation, amphibians okhwima nthawi yomweyo amathamangira kumadzi obereketsa, komwe amakasaka bwenzi loyenera kukula. Yamphongo imayenera kuchita zamatsenga zosiyanasiyana pamaso pa yaikazi kuti ikope chidwi chake, monga kuyimba ndi kuvina, kudziwonetsera mwamphamvu komanso mwamphamvu. Mzimayi akasankha chibwenzi chimene amamukonda, amayamba kufunafuna malo oti ayikire mazira ndi kuwaika ubwamuna.

Masewera a Ukwati

voti

Achule ambiri aamuna ndi achule amakopa akazi amitundu yawo ndi mawu, omwe ndi croaking, omwe amasiyana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: mumtundu umodzi amawoneka ngati "trill" ya cricket, ndipo mu ina amawoneka ngati. mwachizolowezi "qua-qua". Mutha kupeza mawu aamuna mosavuta pa intaneti. Mawu okweza padziwe ndi aamuna, pamene mawu a akazi amakhala chete kapena kulibe konse.

Chibwenzi

• Maonekedwe ndi mitundu.

Amuna amitundu yambiri ya achule, mwachitsanzo, achule owopsa a kumadera otentha, amasintha mtundu wawo m'nyengo yokwerera, kukhala wakuda. Mwa amuna, mosiyana ndi akazi, maso ndi aakulu, ziwalo zomveka zimakula bwino ndipo ubongo umakulitsidwa, motero, ndipo miyendo yakutsogolo imakongoletsedwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa ma calluses a ukwati, omwe ndi ofunikira kuti akwatire kuti wosankhidwa asathawe. .

• Dance

Chidwi cha akazi akhoza kukopeka ndi mayendedwe osiyanasiyana. Colostethus trinitatis imangodumphira momveka panthambi, ndipo Colostethus palmatus imalowa m'malo owoneka bwino ikamawona yaikazi m'chizimezime, ndipo zamoyo zina zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi mathithi zimatha kugwedeza zikhadabo zawo pa zazikazi.

Male Colostethus collaris amavina pa chibwenzi. Yamphongo imakwawira kwa yaikazi ndikumalira mokweza kwambiri, kenako imakwawa, kugwedezeka ndikudumpha, kwinaku akuzizira pamiyendo yake yakumbuyo molunjika. Ngati mkazi sachita chidwi ndi ntchitoyo, amakweza mutu wake, kusonyeza kukhosi kwake kwachikasu, izi zimayesa mwamuna. Ngati yaikazi idakonda kuvina kwamphongo, ndiye kuti amawonera kuvina kokongola, kukwawa kumalo osiyanasiyana kuti awone bwino masewera aamuna.

Nthawi zina omvera ambiri amatha kusonkhana: tsiku lina, poyang'ana Colostethus collaris, asayansi adawerengera akazi khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu omwe adayang'anitsitsa mwamuna mmodzi ndikusamukira kumalo ena mu synchrony. Atavina, yaimuna imachoka pang'onopang'ono, kwinaku ikutembenuka nthawi zambiri kuti iwonetsetse kuti mayi wapamtima akumutsatira.

M'malo mwake, mu achule agolide, akazi amamenyera amuna. Ikapeza yaimuna yomwe imachita phokoso, yaikazi imamenya miyendo yake yakumbuyo pathupi pake ndikuyika zikhadabo zake zakutsogolo, imathanso kusisita mutu wake pachibwano champhongo. Mwamuna yemwe ali ndi chidwi chochepa amayankha mwachifundo, koma osati nthawi zonse. Nthawi zambiri zalembedwa pamene mtundu uwu wa amphibian anali ndi ndewu pakati pa akazi ndi amuna kaamba ka mnzawo yemwe amamukonda.

Kubereketsa kapena momwe achule amaberekera

Feteleza zimachitika kunja

Ubwamuna woterewu umapezeka nthawi zambiri mwa achule. Yaimuna yaying’ono imamanga mwamphamvu yaikazi ndi zikhadabo zake zakutsogolo ndi kukumana ndi mazira amene aberekera yaikaziyo. Mwamuna amakumbatira mkazi mu amplexus kaimidwe, amene pali njira zitatu.

1. Kumbuyo kwa mwendo wakutsogolo wa yaikazi, yaimuna imapanga chiuno (achule akuthwa)
2. Yamphongo imagwira yaikazi kutsogolo kwa miyendo yakumbuyo (scaphiopus, spadefoot)
3. Pali girth ya mkazi pakhosi (dart achule).

Feteleza mkati

Achule ochepa a poizoni (mwachitsanzo, Dendrobates granuliferus, Dendrobates auratus) amadyetsedwa m'njira yosiyana: yaikazi ndi yamphongo imatembenuza mitu yawo mbali zosiyana ndikugwirizanitsa cloacae. Momwemonso, umuna umapezeka mwa amphibians amtundu wa Nectophrynoides, omwe amayamba kubala mazira, ndiyeno tadpoles mu utero mpaka mapeto a metamorphosis ndondomeko. kubereka achule opangidwa kwathunthu.

Achule achimuna amchira amtundu wa Ascaphus truei ali ndi chiwalo chapadera choberekera.

M'nyengo yoswana, amuna nthawi zambiri amapanga zingwe zomangirira kutsogolo. Mothandizidwa ndi ma calluses amenewa, yaimuna imamatirira pathupi loterera la yaikazi. Mfundo yochititsa chidwi: mwachitsanzo, mu chule wamba (Bufo bufo), yaimuna imakwera yaikazi kutali ndi mosungiramo madzi ndikukwera pamenepo kwa mazana angapo a mita. Ndipo amuna ena amatha kukwera yaikazi ikatha kukweretsa, kudikirira kuti yaikazi ipange chisa ndi ikani mazira mmenemo.

Ngati makwerero akuchitika m'madzi, mwamuna akhoza kugwira mazira obadwa ndi mkazi, kukanikiza miyendo yake yakumbuyo kuti akhale ndi nthawi yokwanira mazira (mitundu - Bufo boreas). Nthawi zambiri, amuna amatha kusakanikirana ndikukwera pa amuna omwe samakonda. "Wozunzidwa" amatulutsanso phokoso lapadera ndi kugwedezeka kwa thupi, komwe ndi kumbuyo, ndikukukakamizani kuti muchoke. Akazi amakhalanso ndi khalidwe kumapeto kwa umuna, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina mwamuna yekha amatha kumasula mkazi pamene akumva kuti mimba yake yakhala yofewa komanso yopanda kanthu. Nthawi zambiri, zazikazi zimagwedeza amuna omwe amachita ulesi kwambiri kuti atsike, akutembenuzira mbali zawo ndikutambasula manja awo akumbuyo.

Soitie - amplexus

Mitundu ya amplexus

Achule amayikira mazira, monga nsomba, popeza caviar (mazira) ndi mazira alibe kusintha kwa chitukuko pamtunda (anamnia). Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya amphibians imayikira mazira m'malo odabwitsa:

• m’maenje, otsetsereka ake amatsikira m’madzi. Ngalawa ikaswa, imagudubuzika m’madzi, kumene imapitiriza kukula;
• yaikazi yokhala ndi ntchofu yosonkhanitsidwa kuchokera pakhungu lake imapanga zisa kapena zotupa, kenaka imamanga chisacho ku masamba omwe amapachikidwa padziwe;
• ena amakulunga dzira lililonse patsamba lina la mtengo kapena bango lomwe likulendewera pamadzi;
• zazikazi zamtundu wa Hylambates brevirostris ambiri amaswa mazira mkamwa mwake. Amuna amtundu wa Darwin's rhinoderm amakhala ndi matumba apadera pakhosi, momwe amanyamulira mazira omwe amaikira ndi yaikazi;
• achule amilomo yopapatiza amakhala m’malo ouma, amene amaikira mazira m’nthaka yachinyontho, kumene mbira ndiyeno zimamera, ndipo kamphindi kakang’ono kamene kamakhala m’madzi kamakwawa kumtunda;
• akazi amtundu wa pipa amanyamula mazira okha. Mazirawo akakumana ndi ubwamuna, yaimuna imakankhira kumbuyo kwa yaikazi ndi mimba yake, kuikira mazirawo m’mizere. Mazira amene amamatira ku zomera kapena pansi pa nkhokwe sangathe kukula ndi kufa. Amapulumuka pamsana pa yaikazi. Maola angapo mutagona, misa imvi imapangidwa kumbuyo kwa mkazi, momwe mazira amayikidwa, ndiye molts wamkazi;
• mitundu ina ya akazi imapanga mphete kuchokera ku mamina awoawo;
• m'mitundu ina ya achule, otchedwa thumba la ana amapangidwa m'mapindi a khungu kumbuyo, kumene amphibian amanyamula mazira;
• mitundu ina ya achule aku Australia mazira m'mimba ndi tadpoles. Kwa nthawi yoyembekezera m'mimba mothandizidwa ndi prostaglandin, ntchito yotulutsa madzi am'mimba imazimitsidwa.

Kwa nthawi yonse ya tadpole gestation, yomwe imatha miyezi iwiri, chule samadya kalikonse, pokhalabe achangu. Panthawi imeneyi, amagwiritsa ntchito masitolo amkati okha a glycogen ndi mafuta, omwe amasungidwa mu chiwindi chake. Nyama ya chule ikatha, chiwindi cha chule chimachepa kukula ndi katatu ndipo palibe mafuta otsala pamimba pansi pa khungu.

Pambuyo pa oviposition, ambiri aakazi amasiya zingwe zawo, komanso madzi obereketsa, ndikupita kumalo awo omwe amakhala.

Mazira nthawi zambiri azunguliridwa ndi zazikulu gelatinous wosanjikiza. Chigoba cha dzira chimagwira ntchito yaikulu, chifukwa dzira limatetezedwa kuti lisaume, kuti lisawonongeke, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, limateteza kuti lisadyedwe ndi adani.

Pambuyo poikira, pakapita nthawi, chipolopolo cha mazira chimafufuma ndikupanga mawonekedwe a gelatinous wosanjikiza, mkati mwake momwe dzira likuwonekera. Theka lapamwamba la dzira ndi lakuda, ndipo theka lapansi, mosiyana, ndi lowala. Mbali yamdima imatentha kwambiri, chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa dzuwa bwino. M'mitundu yambiri ya amphibians, timagulu ta mazira timayandama pamwamba pa dziwe, pomwe madzi amakhala ofunda kwambiri.

Kutentha kwa madzi otsika kumachepetsa kukula kwa mluza. Ngati nyengo ili yofunda, dziralo limagawanika kambirimbiri ndipo limapanga mluza wa maselo ambiri. Patatha milungu iwiri, mphutsi ya chule inatuluka m’dzira.

Tadpole ndi kukula kwake

Pambuyo pochoka ku mbewu tadpole amagwera m'madzi. Kale patatha masiku 5, atagwiritsa ntchito chakudya chochokera ku mazira, adzatha kusambira ndi kudya yekha. Zimapanga pakamwa ndi nsagwada zanyanga. Tadpole amadya ndere za protozoan ndi tizilombo tina ta m'madzi.

Pa nthawiyi, thupi, mutu, ndi mchira zayamba kale kuonekera mwa tadpoles.

Mutu wa tadpole ndi waukulu, palibe miyendo, mapeto a caudal a thupi amasewera mbali ya chipsepse, mzere wotsatira umawonedwanso, ndipo pali kuyamwa pafupi ndi pakamwa (mtundu wa tadpole ukhoza kudziwika ndi kuyamwa). Patatha masiku awiri, mpata wa m’mphepete mwa kamwa umakhala wooneka ngati mlomo wa mbalame, womwe umakhala ngati wodulira waya akamadya. Analuwe amakhala ndi ma gill omwe ali ndi minyewa yotseguka. Kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, iwo ndi akunja, koma m'kati mwachitukuko amasintha ndikugwirizanitsa ndi mphutsi za gill, zomwe zili mu pharynx, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati zipolopolo zamkati. Tadpole ili ndi mtima wa zipinda ziwiri ndi kuzungulira kumodzi.

Malinga ndi matupi a anatomy, tadpole kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko ali pafupi ndi nsomba, ndipo atakhwima, amafanana kale ndi zokwawa.

Pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri kapena itatu, tadpoles amakula, kenako miyendo yakutsogolo, ndipo mchira umafupikitsidwa, kenako nkuzimiririka. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mapapo amakulanso.. Atapangidwa kuti azipumira pamtunda, tadpole imayamba kukwera pamwamba pa dziwe kuti imeze mpweya. Kusintha ndi kukula kumadalira kwambiri nyengo yotentha.

Analukhwe poyamba amadya makamaka zakudya zochokera ku zomera, kenako pang'onopang'ono amapita ku chakudya cha nyama. Chule wopangidwa amatha kufika kumtunda ngati ndi mitundu yapadziko lapansi, kapena kupitiriza kukhala m'madzi ngati ndi mitundu ya m'madzi. Achule amene afika kumtunda ndi ana aang’ono. Amphibians omwe amayika mazira pamtunda nthawi zina amapita patsogolo popanda kusintha, ndiko kuti, kudzera mu chitukuko chachindunji. Njira yachitukuko imatenga pafupifupi miyezi iwiri kapena itatu, kuyambira pachiyambi cha kuikira mazira mpaka kumapeto kwa kukula kwa tadpole kukhala chule wodzaza.

Amphibious poison dart achule kusonyeza khalidwe losangalatsa. Analiche akamaswa mazira, yaikazi pamsana pake, mmodzimmodzi, amawasamutsira pamwamba pa mitengo kukhala mphukira zamaluwa, mmene madzi amaunjikana mvula ikagwa. Dziwe loterolo ndi chipinda chabwino cha ana, kumene ana akupitiriza kukula. Chakudya chawo ndi mazira osabereka.

Kutha kubereka ana kumatheka pafupifupi chaka chachitatu cha moyo.

Pambuyo kuswana ndondomeko achule obiriwira amakhala m'madzi kapena khalani m'mphepete mwa nyanja pafupi ndi dziwe, pamene bulauni kupita kumtunda kuchokera ku dziwe. Khalidwe la amphibians nthawi zambiri limatsimikiziridwa ndi chinyezi. M'nyengo yotentha, yowuma, achule a bulauni amakhala osawoneka bwino, chifukwa amabisala ku dzuwa. Koma likamalowa, amakhala ndi nthawi yosaka. Popeza mitundu ya achule obiriwira amakhala m’madzi kapena pafupi ndi madzi, amasakanso masana.

Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira, achule ofiirira amapita kumalo osungira. Kutentha kwamadzi kukakhala kokwera kuposa kutentha kwa mpweya, achule abulauni ndi obiriwira amamira pansi pa nkhokwe kwa nyengo yonse yachisanu.