Kapangidwe ka kamba ka mafupa, mawonekedwe a msana ndi chigaza

Mmodzi mwa anthu akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, akamba ndi oimira gulu la Chordata, omwe ali ndi msana wokhazikika. Chigobacho chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osazolowereka: kuwonjezera pa mafupa akuluakulu, pali chipolopolo cholumikizidwa ndi chigoba chamkati. Chigobacho si chigoba chakunja, koma chipolopolo cholimba chomwe sichingasiyanitsidwe ndi thupi. Pakupanga mafupa, mapewa ndi nthiti "zimakula mu chipolopolo." Zonse mwazonse, mafupa a kamba ndi kapangidwe kake koyenera kuganiziridwa mwatsatanetsatane.

Mapangidwe a mafupa

Mafupa onse a kamba amagawidwa m'zidutswa zitatu:

• chigaza, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi cranium, nsagwada ndi zida za hyoid;
• mafupa a axial, opangidwa ndi chipolopolo, vertebrae ndi mafupa amtengo wapatali;
• appendicular mafupa, kuphatikizapo miyendo, mafupa a pachifuwa ndi m'chiuno.

Chokwawa chimachedwa chifukwa chimadya udzu (mitundu yambiri) yomwe ingapezeke mosavuta. Ndipo palibe chifukwa chothawa adani: chipolopolo cholimba ndi chitetezo chodalirika kwa adani. Kamba amatha kuyenda mwachangu, koma chigobacho chimakhala cholemetsa chifukwa chogwira ntchito.

Kodi kamba ndi vertebrate kapena invertebrate?

Mfundo yakuti kamba ndi nyama yamsana imatha kuwonedwa pofufuza momwe msanawo ulili. Madipatimenti ake ndi ofanana ndi a nyama zoyamwitsa: izi ndi khomo lachiberekero, thoracic, lumbar, sacral ndi caudal.

Kamba ali ndi ma vertebrae 8 a khomo lachiberekero, pomwe 2 kutsogolo kwake kumalumikizidwa mosuntha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chinyamacho chisunthire mutu wake ndikuchiyika pansi pa chipolopolo. Dipatimenti yomwe imapanga thupi (thoracic ndi lumbar) imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kumtunda kwa chipolopolo - carapace.

Dera la thoracic limayamba ndi vertebrae yayitali yomwe imalumikizidwa ku sternum, kupanga nthiti za kamba.

Mitsempha ya sacral imapanga njira zowonongeka zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mafupa a m'chiuno. Mchirawu uli ndi ma vertebrae 33, omwe amadziwika ndi kuyenda modabwitsa. Amuna ali ndi mchira wautali kuposa akazi, mu cloaca yomwe oviduct ili. Mafupa a amuna ndi ang'onoang'ono: amuna ndi "aang'ono" kuposa akazi.

Izi ndizosangalatsa: N'zosatheka kukokera chiwetocho "m'nyumba". Chigobacho chimaphatikizidwa kwathunthu ndi mafupa. Lili ndi msana ndi mbali ya chifuwa ndi nthiti zosinthidwa. Chosiyana ndi akamba a leatherback, momwe chipolopolocho chimasiyanitsidwa ndi msana ndipo chimapangidwa ndi fupa laling'ono la mafupa.

Mutu mafupa

Chigaza cha kamba chaphwanyidwa. Lili ndi mafupa ambiri omwe amapanga mgwirizano wokhazikika. Amapangidwa ndi madipatimenti awiri: visceral ndi cerebral. Mbali ya visceral ndi yoyenda ndipo imakhala ndi nsagwada ndi zida za sublingual.

M’malo mwa mano, chokwawacho chimakhala ndi mbale zakuthwa zanyanga m’nsagwada, zomwe zimasanduka mlomo. Nsagwada zimakhala zomveka bwino komanso zimakhala ndi minofu yamphamvu, chifukwa chake mphamvu ya nsagwada imawonjezeka.

Mapangidwe a miyendo

Ngati tilingalira kapangidwe ka phewa ndi lamba wa m'chiuno pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha chigoba cha kamba wamadzi, ndiye kuti mawonekedwe awo achilendo amawoneka bwino:

• lamba pamapewa amamangidwa kuchokera 3 elongated, utali mafupa;
• scapula, yomwe ili pamtunda, imamangiriridwa ku carapace mothandizidwa ndi thoracic vertebra;
• lamba wa m'chiuno, wokhala ndi mafupa akuluakulu atatu ogwirizana ndi msana ndi carapace;
• mafupa a iliac omwe ali pamtunda amapita ku ischial ndi pubic, zomwe zimakhala ndi dongosolo lopingasa.

Mapangidwe a ziwalo ndi kuti mafupa a m'chiuno ndi mapewa ndi aafupi, pali mafupa ochepa a dzanja, metatarsus, tarsus ndi phalanges a zala. Kapangidwe kameneka kamakhala kofanana ndi zokwawa zapamtunda zomwe zimadalira zala.

M’moyo wa m’madzi, mafupa a zala amatalika; amapanga zipsepse zofunika pa moyo wam'madzi. Azimayi amagwiritsa ntchito zipsepse zawo kubwera kumtunda ndikukumba maenje oikiramo mazira.

Izi ndizosangalatsa: Mafupa okhala ndi zida adapangidwa kuti chimodzi mwa mfundo zosunthika zithandizire "kubisa" mbali zonse za thupi mkati pakafika ngozi.

Kapangidwe ka zipolopolo

Mapangidwe a mafupa a kamba asintha kwambiri chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa chipolopolo. Mapangidwe a nyangawa ndi ofunikira kwa chiweto ndipo amagwira ntchito motere:

• amateteza ku kuvulala;
• amateteza ku zolusa;
• amasunga kutentha kwa thupi posunga kutentha;
• amalumikiza mafupa pamodzi, kupanga chigoba chachikulu.

Pachitsanzo cha mafupa a kamba ka madambo, tingaone kuti chigobacho chimapangidwa ndi mafupa a mafupa omwe amakulira limodzi kuti apange zida zamphamvu. Pakati pa mbale ndi cartilage. Chifukwa cha izi, chokwawa chimatha kunyamula kulemera kwa 200 kulemera kwake.

Ngati muyang'ana mafupa a kamba mu gawo, ndiye kuti chipolopolocho chimapangidwa ndi chopindika cha dorsal carapace ndi flatter ventral plastron. Carapace imamangidwa kuchokera ku 38 horny scutes, ndipo pali 16 mwa iwo mu plastron. Malingana ndi zamoyo ndi moyo, mbale zosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe a chipolopolo amapangidwa.

Carapace ndi "kulumikizana" ndi mafupa, ndiko kuti njira za vertebrae zimamangiriridwa, ndipo msana wolimba kwambiri umadutsa pansi pake. Kamba ndi wa nyama zapadera zomwe zili ndi mafupa akunja ndi amkati.

Izi ndi zochititsa chidwi: Chigobacho chikufanana ndi chishango cholimba, chosadutsika. Koma imakhala ndi mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya magazi, kotero pamene "nyumba" yavulala, kamba amamva ululu.

Kodi mafupa a kamba anapangidwa bwanji?

Zikuganiziridwa kuti makolo akale a akamba ankakhala mu Triassic wa nthawi ya Mesozoic, ndiko kuti, zaka 220 miliyoni zapitazo. Chigobacho chinapangidwa kuchokera kunthiti, ndipo "dome" la mbale linakula pang'onopang'ono.

Mmodzi mwa makolo amitundu yamakono ndi Odontochelys semitestacea, yemwe amakhala m'madzi am'madzi ndipo adapezeka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China. Anali ndi mano m’nsagwada zake.

Mapangidwe a chipolopolocho sanamalizidwe: carapace inapangidwa ndi nthiti zowonjezereka, ndipo plastron inali itatenga kale mawonekedwe ake amakono. Nyama yachilendo inkasiyanitsidwa ndi gawo lalitali la mchira ndi diso lotalikirapo mu chigaza. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti Odontochelys semitestacea ankakhala m’nyanja.

Kamba ndi woimba wapadera wokhala ndi chipolopolo. Ndikuthokoza kwa iye kuti chokwawacho chili ndi dongosolo lachilendo la mafupa ndi mafupa "achilendo". Fungo lamphamvu limalola kamba kuti azolowere moyo wa m'madzi ndi pamtunda. Ndipo tsopano funso: Kodi kamba ali ndi msana amachotsedwa pa ndandanda.